AP World History Unit 2

• What were the Silk Roads?


  A network of trade routes connecting East Asia and the Mediterranean world
• Which regions did the Silk Roads connect?

  China, India, Persia, Arabia, East Africa, and Southern Europe
• Why are the Silk Roads not considered a single road?


  Because they are a complex network of routes
• Why are the Silk Roads named after silk?


  Silk was one of the most lucrative goods traded
• What were the key impacts of trade along the Silk Roads?


  Economic growth, cultural exchange, political connections, urbanization, and globalization
• How did trade along the Silk Roads contribute to urbanization?


  It stimulated the growth of cities along trade routes
• What is an example of a city that grew due to the Silk Roads?

  Samarkand in Central Asia
• What were some major luxury items traded on the Silk Roads?


  Silk, spices, and precious stones
• What types of raw materials were traded along the Silk Roads?


  Gold, silver, wool, and cotton
• Which manufactured goods were commonly traded on the Silk Roads?

  Porcelain, glassware, and textiles
• What agricultural products were traded along the Silk Roads?


  Tea, fruits, and nuts
• Which animals were commonly traded along the Silk Roads?

  Horses and camels
• How did the Silk Roads facilitate cultural and technological exchanges?


  By enabling the spread of ideas, religions, and technologies
• What was a significant religious diffusion along the Silk Roads?

  The spread of Buddhism from India to China
• What artistic influence was seen along the Silk Roads?


  Greco-Buddhist art in Central Asia
• What technological transfer occurred along the Silk Roads?


  Papermaking techniques from China to the Islamic world
• What scientific knowledge was exchanged along the Silk Roads?

  Mathematical concepts like the Indian numeral system
• How did the Mongol Empire impact the Silk Roads?


  It increased safety for travelers and standardized trade practices
• What was the Pax Mongolica?


  A period of increased safety for travelers and merchants
• What infrastructure improvements did the Mongol Empire make?


  Development of postal systems and maintenance of roads
• How did the Mongol Empire facilitate cultural exchange?


  By promoting the movement of scholars and artisans
• What economic policies did the Mongol Empire implement?


  Encouraged trade through favorable policies and standardized currency
• What was the significance of the "yam" system established by the Mongols?


  It allowed for rapid communication and travel across the empire
• Who was Genghis Khan before he became known by that name?

  Temujin
• In what year did Genghis Khan unify the Mongol tribes?


  1206
• What system did Genghis Khan establish to promote individuals based on their abilities?


  A meritocracy
• What were the key factors in the rise of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan?


  • Unification of Mongol tribes
  • Establishment of a meritocracy
  • Development of the Yasa (legal code)
  • Creation of an efficient communication system
• What type of army did the Mongols primarily rely on for their military success?


  A cavalry-based army
• What weapon did the Mongols use that was particularly effective while riding?


  The composite bow
• What tactic did the Mongols often employ to lure enemies into traps?


  The feigned retreat
• What were the main components of Mongol military tactics and organization?


  • Cavalry-based army
  • Use of composite bows
  • Psychological warfare
  • Decimal system for organization
  • Adaptability in tactics and technology
• What significant conquest did the Mongols achieve between 1211 and 1234?


  The conquest of the Jin Dynasty in Northern China
• What event marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate?


  The sack of Baghdad in 1258
• Who established the Yuan Dynasty in China?

  Kublai Khan
• What were the key events in the expansion of the Mongol Empire?


  • 1211-1234: Conquest of Jin Dynasty
  • 1219-1221: Invasion of Central Asia and Persia
  • 1237-1240: Invasion of Russia and Eastern Europe
  • 1258: Sack of Baghdad
  • 1271: Establishment of Yuan Dynasty
• What does the term "Pax Mongolica" refer to?


  A period of relative peace and stability across the Mongol Empire
• How did the Mongols approach religious practices in their conquered territories?


  They practiced religious tolerance
• How did the Mongols manage local governance in their empire?


  By using local bureaucrats alongside Mongol overseers
• What were the key features of Mongol rule and administration?


  • Pax Mongolica
  • Religious tolerance
  • Yam system for communication
  • Dual administration with local bureaucrats
  • Promotion of trade along the Silk Road
• What were some significant impacts of the Mongol conquests on Eurasia?


  Cultural exchange, demographic changes, economic integration, technological diffusion, and political reorganization