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• What are information technologies?


  Systems of hardware and/or software that capture, process, exchange, store, and/or present information.
• What are the basic periods of computing history?

  1. Pre-mechanical Age (3000 BC – 1450 AD)
  2. Mechanical Age (1450 – 1840)
  3. Electro-mechanical Age (1840 – 1940)
  4. Electronic Age (1940 – 1980)
  5. Information Age (1900 – 2000)
  6. Industrial Revolution (at present)
• What is the time frame of the Pre-mechanical Age?

  3000 BC – 1450 AD
• What is the time frame of the Mechanical Age?

  1450 – 1840
• What is the time frame of the Electro-mechanical Age?


  1840 – 1940
• What is the time frame of the Electronic Age?


  1940 – 1980
• What is the time frame of the Information Age?


  1900 – 2000
• What is the time frame of the Industrial Revolution?


  At present
• How did humans communicate during the Pre-mechanical Age?


  Through speaking and simple drawings known as petroglyphs.
• What are the two basic types of rock art from the Pre-mechanical Age?

  Petroglyphs and pictographs.
• What did the Phoenicians create around 2000 BC?


  Symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants, the first true alphabet.
• How did the Greek alphabet evolve from the Phoenician alphabet?


  The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels.
• What is cuneiform?


  The first true written language and the first real information system.
• What materials did the Sumerians and Egyptians use for writing?


  Sumerians used stylus and wet clay; Egyptians used papyrus plants.
• What did the Chinese make paper from around 100 AD?


  Rags.
• How did the Greeks contribute to bookmaking around 600 BC?


  They folded sheets of papyrus vertically to create leaves and bound them together.
• What was the first calculator?

  The abacus.
• What numbering system did the Hindus develop around 100-200 AD?


  A 9 digit numbering system.
• What significant concept was developed in 875 AD?


  The concept of zero.
• Who invented the first mechanical calculator that could work with six digits?

  Wilhelm Shickard.
• What did Blaise Pascal invent in 1642?


  The Pascaline, which could solve addition and subtraction problems.
• What did Gottfried Leibniz invent?


  The Stepped Reckoner, which could multiply 5-digit and 12-digit numbers.
• What did Joseph-Marie Jacquard develop in 1801?


  The automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
• Who developed the first mass-produced calculator?

  Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar with the Arithmometer.
• Who is known as the father of modern computers?

  Charles Babbage.
• Who is considered the first computer programmer?

  Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace Byron.
• What significant invention did Alessandro Volta create?


  The first electric battery known as the voltaic pile.
• Who conceived the electromagnetic telegraph?

  Samuel F.B. Morse.
• Who developed the first working telephone?

  Alexander Graham Bell.
• Who discovered that electrical waves travel through space?

  Guglielmo Marconi.
• What did George Boole develop?


  Binary algebra known as Boolean Algebra.
• Who invented the comptometer?

  Dorr Felt.
• Who is known as the father of information processing?

  Herman Hollerith.
• What did Otto Shweiger invent in 1893?


  The first efficient four-function calculator called Millionaire.
• What did Lee de Forest develop in 1906?


  Vacuum tubes, which provided electrically controlled switches.
• Who built the first programmable computer called Z3?


  Konrad Zuse.
• What did Howard Aiken develop in 1942?


  Mark I, the first stored program computer.
• Who completed the first all-electronic computer called ABC?


  John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry.
• What are the four main periods in the history of ICT?


  1. Pre-mechanical Period
  2. Mechanical Period
  3. Electromechanical Period
  4. Electronic Period
• What is the significance of the Electromechanical and Electronic periods in ICT history?


  • They greatly affect our lives today.
  • They introduced significant advancements in communication and information processing.