Graphs

• y = f(x) +a


  Translation by the vector (0 . a)
• y = f(x) -a


  Translation by the vector (0 . -a)
• y = af(x)


  Sketch/ enlargement by scale factor a in the y direction ⬆️ or ⬇️ (from x axis)
• y = -f(x) 


  reflection in the x axis or y=0
• y = f(x +a)


  Translation by the vector (-a . 0)
• y = f(x-a)


  Translation by the vector (a . 0)
• y = f(ax)


  Stretch/Enlargement by scale factor 1/a in the x direction (from y axis)
• y = f(-x)


  Reflection in the y axis or x=0