How are gender identities created and reinforced?

• Who is the author that discusses how gender roles are socially constructed through socialization?

  Ann Oakley
• What are the four ways children are socialized into gender roles by their families according to Ann Oakley?

  1. Manipulation
  2. Canalisation
  3. Verbal Appellation
  4. Different Activities
• What does manipulation refer to in the context of gender socialization?

  Encouraging behavior that is seen as stereotypically acceptable for the child’s gender
• How does canalisation influence children's gender roles?

  Parents channel their child’s interests into toys, games, and activities considered the norm for their gender
• What is verbal appellation in the context of gender socialization?

  Giving children nicknames or pet names that reinforce gender expectations
• What does the term "different activities" refer to in gender socialization?

  Parents encourage children to participate in activities around the home that reinforce stereotypes
• Who discussed the pressure on teenage girls from their peers?

  Sue Lees
• What double standards are applied to girls' and boys' behavior according to Sue Lees?

  Teenage boys' sexual behavior is not policed negatively, while girls are controlled by terms like "slag"
• How does sexual activity affect the status of boys and girls differently?

  Sexual activity raises the status of boys but lowers the status of girls
• Who is the author that discusses the role of mass media in portraying gender roles?

  Billington
• How has mass media traditionally portrayed masculinity and femininity?

  Masculinity is portrayed as dominant, while femininity is portrayed as subordinate
• In what way are women generally represented on television compared to men?

  Women are shown in a narrow range of social roles, while men perform a full range of roles
• What is the common portrayal of women in high-status occupational roles in media?

  Women are rarely shown in high-status roles and are often overrepresented in domestic settings
• How are women portrayed in relation to men in the media?

  Women are often portrayed as sex objects by men
• Who argues that all women are part of a "planetary sexual caste system"?

  Mary Daly
• What does Mary Daly argue about religion's role in gender roles?

  Religion successfully socially controls women into accepting patriarchy
• How does Mary Daly view women's inferiority in relation to God?

  She argues that women's inferiority is seen as God's will
• What is the gender of God according to Mary Daly?


  God is masculine