Internationalism

• What is the interactionalist theory


  interactionalists believe in labeling theory. Where an act only becomes deviant when it's labeled through societies reaction.
• What do Piliavin and Briar say - 1964

  - they found police often make the decision on whether to arrest youths based on physical cues such as manner and dress.

  - other influences include gender, ethnicity and location of the crime
• What does Aaron Cicourel say - 1968


  found that officers typifcations (their beliefs of the stereotypical delinquent) resulting in the law showing bias towards social class, ethnicity and gender.

  - Justice isn't fixed but negotiable eg. MC parents could convince control agencies their story - ensuring they stay out of trouble
• What does Howard Becker say?

  Chain of reasoning-

  individual is labeled as deviant causing master status, leading to blocked opportunities, causing further deviance or a deviant career. (being kicked out of society)
• Lemert - 1972


  primary deviance - deviant acts that haven't been publicly labeled, he argues it's pointless to seek the causes or answers to primary deviance because it is so widespread.

  secondary deviance - is the result of societal reaction to primary deviance being caught or publicly labeled causing master status.
• Example of primary/secondary deviance


  Hippy use of marijuana users in Notting Hill. Initially drugs are peripheral to hippy lifestyle, however police prosecution of drug use caused hippies to increasingly become outsiders, creating them to retreat from society.
• Chambliss - proof of typifcations 


  Saints and Roughnecks - is a study of high school boys, one group (Saints) are MC and the others (roughnecks) are WC. Both groups participated in deviant behavior but the saints behaviour was excused by the community and no action was taken whereas the roughnecks were often prosecuted by the police.

  Later life 5/6 saints went to college and education success, 2/6 roughnecks went to college and 2/6 roughnecks ended up in prison
• Social construction of crime and statistics


  - crime stats are socially constructed

  - Police, CPS and justice system make decisions at each 'decision gate' where they decide whether to prosecute

  - outcome of each person is based on decisions and labels attached

  - police argue prosecution is based on evidence but this doesn't explain different outcomes in similar situations
• Stanley Cohen - deviancy amplification spiral


  1. deviant incident
  2. media amplifcation
  3. folk devil
  4. moral panic
  5. crackdown
• Mods and Rockers 


  Example of Cohens' amplification spiral:

  - 1950's different subcultures mods(jazz music and wore suits) rockers(rock'n'roll and leather jackets)

  - A fight broke out along the coast, media amplification, then further fights broke out

  - mods and rockers blamed for other circumstances they didn't cause
• What are folk devils


  - person or group portrayed in the media as outsiders
• Braithwaite - labeling and shaming


  leading to offenders feeling remorse and guilt:

  - disintergrative shaming, crime and criminal labeled as bad makes offender feel like an outsider could lead to secondary deviance

  - reintergrative shaming, labels the crime not the criminal focusing on forgiveness and reconciliation
• Evaluations


  - deterministic implying once someone is labeled they are a criminal

  - emphasises on negative effects of labeling giving a victim status

  - focuses on less serious crime

  - fails to explain original deviance

  - recognises the role of power but fails to explain where this power originated from.