HAMIOD

• What is the main focus of Chapter 7 in the study material?

  Control and Coordination
• What notion do we have about movement in living organisms?


  Movement is often associated with life.
• How do some movements in plants occur?


  Some movements are due to growth, such as a seedling pushing through soil.
• Why do we associate visible movements with life?


  Because movement is often a response to environmental changes.
• What is an example of a movement not caused by growth?


  A cat running is an example of movement not caused by growth.
• How do living organisms use changes in their environment?


  They use changes to their advantage, such as plants growing towards sunlight.
• What is the role of controlled movement in living organisms?


  Controlled movement allows organisms to respond appropriately to environmental changes.
• What systems provide control and coordination in living organisms?


  Specialized tissues provide control and coordination activities.
• What tissues provide control and coordination in animals?


  Nervous and muscular tissues.
• How do we detect touching a hot object?


  Through specialized tips of nerve cells located in sense organs.
• What are gustatory and olfactory receptors responsible for?


  Gustatory receptors detect taste, while olfactory receptors detect smell.
• What happens when a nerve cell detects information?


  A chemical reaction creates an electrical impulse that travels along the neuron.
• What occurs at the synapse between two neurons?


  Chemicals are released that start a similar electrical impulse in the next neuron.
• What is the structure of nervous tissue?


  Nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of nerve cells or neurons.
• What is the function of the spinal cord?


  The spinal cord supplies information for thinking and reflex actions.
• What is a reflex action?


  A reflex action is a sudden response to a stimulus without conscious thought.
• How does the body respond to urgent situations like touching a flame?

  Through a reflex arc that allows for quick responses without involving the brain.
• What is the role of the brain in reflex actions?


  The brain receives information but reflex actions occur at the spinal cord level for speed.
• What are the three major parts of the brain?

  The fore-brain, mid-brain, and hind-brain.
• What is the function of the fore-brain?


  The fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain that processes sensory information.
• How does the brain communicate with muscles?


  The brain sends messages to muscles through the peripheral nervous system.
• What involuntary actions are controlled by the hind-brain?


  Actions such as blood pressure, salivation, and vomiting.
• What is the role of the cerebellum?

  The cerebellum is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining posture.
• How is the brain protected?


  The brain is protected by a bony box and a fluid-filled balloon for shock absorption.
• What happens when a nerve impulse reaches a muscle?

  The muscle fiber must move in response to the nerve impulse.
• How do muscle cells change their shape to move?

  Muscle cells change shape by rearranging special proteins in response to nerve impulses.
• What are voluntary and involuntary muscles?


  Voluntary muscles are controlled consciously, while involuntary muscles are not.
• What is the difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions?


  Reflex actions occur automatically without conscious thought, while voluntary actions require decision-making.
• How do plants respond to stimuli without a nervous system?


  Plants use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell.
• What is the difference between the two types of movements in plants?


  One type is dependent on growth, while the other is independent of growth.
• How does the sensitive plant respond to touch?

  The leaves of the sensitive plant fold up and droop in response to touch.
• What happens when a seed germinates?

  The root goes down and the stem comes up into the air.
• How do plants communicate touch information?

  Plants communicate touch information through electrical-chemical signals between cells.
• What are the two types of movement shown by plants?


  One dependent on growth and the other independent of growth
• How does the sensitive plant respond to touch?


  It moves its leaves in response to touch without involving growth
• What types of tissues are absent in plants that affect their movement?

  There is no nervous tissue or muscle tissue in plants
• How is information about touch communicated in plants?

  Through electrical-chemical means from cell to cell
• What causes movement in plant cells?


  Changes in the amount of water in the cells, leading to swelling or shrinking
• What is the role of tendrils in climbing plants?


  Tendrils help plants climb by wrapping around supports
• How do tendrils respond to touch?


  The part of the tendril in contact with the object grows slower than the part away from it