Mrs kagan part

• What is the molecular stability of glucose?

  The bonds do not break easily.
• Why is glucose easily transportable?


  Because of its high solubility.
• What type of molecule is glucose in terms of solubility?


  It is a polar molecule with high solubility in water.
• What does glucose yield when covalent bonds are broken?


  It yields a great deal of chemical energy during oxidation reactions.
• In which position is the beta (β) group of glucose located?


  The beta (COH) group is above.
• In which position is the alpha (α) group of glucose located?


  The alpha (OH) group is below.
• What are the structural differences between alpha-glucose and beta-glucose?


  • Alpha-glucose has the hydroxyl group (OH) below the plane.
  • Beta-glucose has the hydroxyl group (OH) above the plane.
• What type of bonds does amylose form?

  Amylose forms (α1-4) glycosidic bonds.
• What type of bonds does amylopectin form?

  Amylopectin forms (α1-4) and (α1-6) glycosidic bonds.
• What are monosaccharides and polysaccharides in terms of bonds?


  Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds, while polysaccharides are energy storage forms.
• What type of bonds does glycogen have?

  Glycogen has (α1-6) glycosidic bonds.
• What is the structure of cellulose?


  Cellulose has straight chains of glucose molecules.
• How does the beta glucose bond differ in cellulose?


  One of the β(1→4) linkages is altered, providing a straight structure.
• What stabilizes cellulose chains?


  Hydrogen bonds form at the hydroxy group of cellulose to give it stability.
• What are the categories of lipids?


  Hormones, oils, waxes, and fats.
• Why do lipids not dissolve well in water?


  Because they are hydrophobic.
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?


  Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
• Why do unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature?


  Because their bent shape prevents close packing of molecules.
• Why do saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature?


  Because their straight molecules can pack closely together.
• How are triglycerides formed from fatty acids and glycerol?


  • Three fatty acids bond with glycerol.
  • They undergo condensation reactions.
  • This produces a triglyceride and releases water.
  • An ester bond is formed.
• What is the effect of temperature on protein structure?


  Proteins have a precise three-dimensional shape that can be altered by temperature.
• What are essential amino acids?

  Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from the diet.
• What are the four levels of protein structure?

  1. Primary Structure: Sequence of amino acids.
  2. Secondary Structure: Formation of alpha helices and beta sheets.
  3. Tertiary Structure: Folding of the polypeptide.
  4. Quaternary Structure: Assembly of multiple polypeptides.
• What is the role of intramolecular bonds in proteins?


  They stabilize the protein's three-dimensional shape.
• What is hemoglobin's function?


  Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells.
• What is the difference between conjugated and non-conjugated proteins?


  Conjugated proteins contain one or more non-protein groups, while non-conjugated proteins do not.
• What is collagen's primary role?


  Collagen provides tensile strength to connective tissues.
• How do fibrous proteins differ from globular proteins?


  Fibrous proteins have a general role and are strong, while globular proteins have specialized roles.
• What is the function of the lipid bilayer in biological membranes?


  • Acts as a barrier between aqueous environments.
  • Regulates the movement of substances.
  • Has low permeability to large and hydrophilic molecules.
• What types of molecules can easily pass through lipid bilayers?


  Nonpolar, lipid-soluble molecules like O2 and CO2.
• What is the permeability of small uncharged polar molecules in lipid bilayers?


  They are mostly permeable through lipid bilayers.
• What is the permeability of large uncharged polar molecules in lipid bilayers?


  They are mostly impermeable through lipid bilayers.
• What is the specific purpose of hormones in biological systems?

  Hormones need a specific shape to bind to receptors.
• What do enzymes require to function properly?


  Enzymes need a specific shape to bind to substrates.
• What is the structure of phospholipids?


  Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
• What is the role of lipid bilayers in biological membranes?


  • Act as barriers between aqueous environments
  • Regulate the movement of substances
  • Separate the external and internal environments of the cell
• What types of molecules have low permeability through lipid bilayers?


  Large molecules and hydrophilic molecules have low permeability.
• Which types of molecules are mostly permeable through lipid bilayers?


  Nonpolar, lipid-soluble molecules like O2 and CO2 are mostly permeable.
• What factors affect the permeability of membranes?


  The size of the molecule and its hydrophobic nature affect permeability.
• What are the functions of membrane proteins?


  • Channel proteins allow specific ions to diffuse
  • Carrier proteins transport substances across membranes
  • Receptors provide binding sites for substances
  • Enzymes catalyze reactions at the membrane