Ap Euro Midterm Study

• What caused revolts from peasants against aristocrats in France?


  Economic dislocation due to labor shortages and the Black Death
• What was Henry III's action regarding French territories?


  He gave up his claim to all French territories except for Gascony
• Who was the closest male relative to the Capetian throne after King Philip IV?


  Edward III of England
• Why did French nobles choose Philip VI over Edward III?


  They argued that inheritance of the monarchy couldn't pass through a woman
• What type of soldiers did the French army primarily consist of?

  Knights, who were heavily armed noble cavalry
• How did the English army differ from the French army?


  The English army relied more on foot soldiers, including peasants
• What was the significant weapon used by the English army during the Hundred Years' War?

  The longbow
• What event triggered the Hundred Years' War?

  Edward III refused to do homage to Philip VI for Gascony
• What were the motivations behind the nobles' support for the war?


  Nobles sought plunder and territorial gain
• What was the outcome of the Battle of Crécy?


  The English won due to their powerful longbows
• What did Edward the Black Prince do during his campaigns?


  He ravaged the land, burned crops, and captured John II
• What was the Peace of Brétigny?


  A treaty where the French paid a ransom for John II and enlarged English territories in Gascony
• Why was the war paused for 22 years after the Peace of Brétigny?


  Despite victories, the English were not strong enough to take over France
• Who renewed the war after the 22-year pause?

  Henry V of England
• What was the outcome of the Battle of Agincourt?


  The French lost significantly with 6,000 dead compared to 300 English losses
• What did the Treaty of Troyes accomplish?


  It recognized Henry V as heir to the French throne
• Who was Joan of Arc and what was her significance?


  She was a peasant woman who inspired the French army and helped crown Charles VII
• What led to Joan of Arc's execution?


  She was sentenced to death for "witchcraft" by the English
• What technological advancement contributed to the French victory in the later stages of the war?


  The use of cannons
• What were the consequences of the Hundred Years' War for France?


  It led to significant devastation and political instability
• What was the political situation in Europe after the Hundred Years' War?


  There were many internal conflicts and instability
• What was the structure of society during the Renaissance?


  Society was divided into three estates: clergy, nobility, and peasants
• What was the role of the Medici family during the Renaissance?


  They were major patrons of the arts and expanded into banking
• What was the significance of the Golden Bull in the German monarchy?


  It established an elective monarchy rather than a hereditary one
• What characterized the Italian city-states during the Renaissance?


  They were independent and dominated their surrounding districts
• What was the impact of the Hanseatic League on trade?


  It established a monopoly on trade from the Baltic to the North Sea
• How did the Renaissance change the social structure compared to the Middle Ages?


  It became more flexible, based on talent and money rather than just birth
• What was the primary focus of humanism during the Renaissance?


  Human achievements and potential rather than religious themes
• What was the significance of the Sistine Chapel during the Renaissance?


  It was a key artwork used to choose the Pope
• Who were the major patrons of the arts during the Renaissance?

  The Medici family and the Catholic Church
• What was the main theme of Renaissance art?


  Realism and lifelike representation
• What was the primary medium used by Northern Renaissance artists?


  Oil on wood panels
• What was the focus of Jan van Eyck's artwork?


  Realistic details using oil-based paints
• How did the social structure of the Renaissance differ from the Middle Ages?


  It was divided into three estates with a declining serfdom
• What was the role of the clergy in Renaissance society?


  They guided people to spiritual endings
• What was the significance of the Book of the Courtier?


  It outlined the ideals for becoming a perfect noble
• What was the impact of the plague on the social structure of Europe?


  It led to a decline in serfdom and more legally free peasants
• What characterized the art of the Middle Ages?

  It was two-dimensional with gold flakes and halos around holy figures
• How did the Renaissance change the perception of knowledge?


  It emphasized the importance of learning and discovery
• What was the primary economic activity in Florence during the Renaissance?

  Banking and textiles