ENDOCRINE - SPECIAL SENSES

• What is the primary function of the endocrine system?


  To regulate the homeostasis of the body by secreting hormones
• What type of glands compose the endocrine system?


  Ductless glands
• What are the main functions of hormones in the endocrine system?


  • Regulate growth
  • Help in utilization of food for energy
  • Provide resistance to stress
  • Maintain body fluid and pH balance
  • Control reproduction
• What are hormones?


  Chemicals that coordinate different functions in the body
• How do hormones function in the body?


  • Carry messages through the blood
  • Target organs, skin, muscles, and other tissues
• What are the two types of hormones based on solubility?


  • Water soluble
  • Lipid soluble
• Where do water-soluble hormones bind?


  • Membrane receptors
• Where do lipid-soluble hormones bind?


  • Nucleus receptors
• What is the mode of action for water-soluble hormones?


  • Metabolic cascade
• What is the mode of action for lipid-soluble hormones?


  • Genomic (protein synthesis)
• What is the time course of action for water-soluble hormones?


  • Fast and transient
• Give examples of water-soluble hormones.


  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
• Give examples of lipid-soluble hormones.


  • Androgens
  • Estrogen
  • Steroids
• Name the glands and organs that produce hormones.

  • Hypothalamus
  • Posterior Pituitary
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Parathyroid Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Adrenal Cortex
• What is the function of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?


  Releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL)
• What is the target of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?


  Anterior pituitary
• What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone?


  Releases luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• What is the target of gonadotropin-releasing hormone?


  Anterior pituitary
• What is the function of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?


  Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and β-lipotropic hormone
• What is the target of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?


  Anterior pituitary
• What is the function of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH)?


  Releases growth hormone (GH)
• What is the target of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH)?


  Anterior pituitary
• What is the function of somatostatin (SS)?


  Suppresses secretion of GH and TSH
• What are the targets of somatostatin (SS)?


  Anterior pituitary and pancreas
• What is the function of dopamine in the endocrine system?


  Inhibits release of prolactin (PRL)
• What is the target of dopamine?


  Anterior pituitary and CNS
• What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?


  Increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules
• What is the target of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?


  Kidneys
• What is the function of oxytocin?


  Promotes uterine contraction and milk release
• What are the targets of oxytocin?


  Uterus and mammary glands
• What is the function of growth hormone (GH)?


  Increases mitosis, amino acid transport, protein synthesis, and fat utilization
• What are the targets of growth hormone (GH)?


  Liver, muscle, bone, and adipose tissue
• What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?


  Increases secretion of thyroxine and T3 by the thyroid gland
• What is the target of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?


  Thyroid gland
• What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?


  Increases secretion of cortisol
• What is the target of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?


  Adrenal cortex
• What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?


  Stimulates milk production
• What is the target of prolactin (PRL)?


  Mammary glands
• What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?


  In women, initiates ova growth and increases estrogen secretion; in men, initiates sperm production
• What are the targets of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?


  Ovaries and testes