Engineering electronics

• What is the main focus of Unit 4 in Electrical and Electronic Engineering?


  Principles of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
• What is necessary to analyze a circuit?


  Consider the information provided
• Which law do you use if you have some currents and want to find other currents?

  Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Which law do you use if you have some voltages and want to find other voltages?

  Kirchoff’s Current Law
• What must be defined before applying Kirchoff’s Current Law?


  • Define voltage drops across components
  • Relate them to known or needed voltages
• What are the key components of a logic gate diagram?


  • Diagrams representing logic gates
  • Corresponding truth tables
• What is the output of an AND gate when both inputs are high?


  1
• What is the output of a NAND gate when both inputs are high?


  0
• What is the output of an OR gate when both inputs are low?


  0
• What is the output of a NOR gate when both inputs are high?


  0
• What is the output of a NOT gate when the input is 0?


  1
• What is the output of an XOR gate when both inputs are high?


  0
• What are the main simplification rules in Boolean algebra for AND operations?


  • A AND A = A
  • A AND 1 = A
  • A AND 0 = 0
  • A AND 0 = 0
• What are the main simplification rules in Boolean algebra for OR operations?


  • A OR A = A
  • A OR 0 = A
  • A OR 1 = 1
  • A OR A = 1
• What does De Morgan’s Theorem state?


  Break the line, change the sign
• How do you simplify the expression A.B + B(A.B)?


  It simplifies to B
• What is a bistable circuit?


  • Stable in two logical positions (high or low)
  • Stores information as long as power is supplied
• What happens if both S and R are high in a bistable circuit?


  Both outputs are pulled low, which is an error
• What does the D-Type latch do when the enable input is high?


  Q copies the Data Signal
• What does the D-Type latch do when the enable input is low?


  Q stores the last known value of D
• What is the function of a D-type flip-flop?


  • Follows the input signal
  • Changes only at the rising edge of the clock signal
• What is the function of a T-type flip-flop?


  • Flips the output signal if the input is high
  • Changes only at the rising edge of the clock signal
• How does the output signal of a D-type flip-flop change?


  It changes at the rising edge of the clock signal
• How does the output signal of a T-type flip-flop change?


  It flips if the input signal is high at the key points
• What is the layout of an inverting amplifier circuit?


  • Input voltage (Vin)
  • Feedback resistor (Rf)
  • Input resistor (Rin)
  • Output voltage (Vout)
• What is the gain behavior of an ideal Op-Amp?


  It has infinite input resistance
• What is the formula for gain in an inverting amplifier?


  $\text{gain} =$$-\frac{R_f}{R_{in}}$
• How do you calculate the output voltage in an inverting amplifier?


  $V_{out} =$$V_{in} - \frac{R_f}{R_{in}}$
• What is the significance of Kirchoff's Laws in describing voltage behavior?


  • Essential for analyzing circuits
  • Helps in understanding voltage drops and currents
• A series circuit has only one pathway for electrons to flow, while a parallel circuit provides multiple paths for electrons to follow.
• Ohm's law states that V = IR, where V is the voltage (potential difference), R is the resistance, and I is the current.
• The current flowing through the resistor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it.
• In a series circuit, all components are connected end to end with no branches or junctions.
• In a parallel circuit, there are two or more separate paths that electricity can take through the circuit.
• The total resistance of a series circuit can be calculated by adding up the individual resistances of each component.
• Series circuits have a single path for electrical current to flow, making them simple to analyze and troubleshoot.
• Series circuits have a single path for electrical current to travel, while parallel circuits allow for multiple paths.
• Kirchhoff's first law applies at any point in a network, regardless of whether there are more than two branches or not.
• In a parallel circuit, there are two or more separate paths for electricity to travel between the power source and ground.
• In a simple DC circuit with two components connected by wires, the total current flowing into the junction must be equal to the total current leaving the junction.