Content

• What does 'institution' refer to in the context of institutionalization?


  A hospital or orphanage where children live for long periods
• What is often lacking in institutional settings for children?

  Emotional care
• What was the focus of research on institutionalization?


  To assess the consequences of deprivation
• What was the most famous research on institutionalization conducted in the 1990s?


  The study of Romanian orphans
• Why did many children end up in orphanages in Romania during the 1960s?


  Due to the ban on abortions and contraceptives by Nicolae Ceausecu
• What happened after the 1989 revolution in Romania regarding children?


  Many children were adopted, some by British parents
• What was the aim of Rutter's English and Romanian Adoptee (ERA) study?


  • To test the extent to which good care can compensate for years in institutions
  • Followed 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain
  • Assessed physical, cognitive, and emotional development at ages 4, 6, 11, and 15
• How many British children were included in the control group of Rutter's study?


  52 British children
• What percentage of adoptees showed delayed intellectual development upon arrival in the UK?


  Half of the adoptees
• What was the mean IQ of children adopted before 6 months of age?


  The mean IQ was 102
• What was the mean IQ of children adopted between 6 months and 2 years of age?


  The mean IQ was 86
• What was the mean IQ of children adopted after 2 years of age?


  The mean IQ was 77
• What did Beckett et al. (2010) find regarding the IQ differences at age 16?


  The differences in IQ remained at age 16
• What attachment style was observed in children adopted after 6 months of age?


  Disinhibited attachment
• What symptoms characterize disinhibited attachment?


  Attention seeking, clinginess, and indiscriminate social behavior
• What was the age range of children assessed in the Bucharest Early Intervention project?


  12-31 months
• What percentage of the control group was classified as securely attached?


  74%
• What percentage of the institution group was classified with disorganized attachment?


  65%
• What percentage of the institution group exhibited disinhibited attachment?


  44%
• What are the effects of institutionalization as found in the studies?


  1. Disinhibited attachment:

  • Friendly and affectionate towards all adults
  • Adaptation to multiple caregivers

  1. Mental retardation:

  • Signs of mental retardation upon arrival
  • Recovery possible if adopted before 6 months
• What did Rutter propose about disinhibited attachment behavior?


  It is an adaptation to living with multiple caregivers
• What did Rutter's study suggest about mental retardation in relation to adoption?


  Mental retardation can be recovered if adoption occurs before 6 months
• How is mental retardation different from an abnormally low IQ?


  Mental retardation refers to a broader range of cognitive impairments