Evaluation

    Cards (16)

    • What alternative explanation is suggested regarding Johnson and Scott's study on weapon focus?

      It may be testing surprise rather than anxiety.
    • What was the setting of Pickel's (1998) experiment?

      A hair-dressing salon.
    • What were the four items the confederate could hold in Pickel's experiment?

      Scissors, handgun, wallet, or raw chicken.
    • What did Pickel's findings suggest about the weapon focus effect?

      It is due to unusualness (surprise) rather than anxiety.
    • What issue arises from not testing what is intended in studies like Johnson and Scott's?

      It causes low internal validity.
    • Why is anxiety difficult to measure in research?

      It includes cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and physical elements.
    • Which elements of anxiety were present in Johnson and Scott's study?

      Cognitive and emotional elements.
    • What does the Yerkes-Dodson law focus on regarding anxiety?

      Physiological elements of arousal.
    • What is a consequence of the inconsistency in measuring anxiety across studies?

      It causes low reliability and low explanatory power.
    • What type of experiments are most studies on anxiety?

      Field experiments or those using natural events.
    • What are some extraneous variables that can affect anxiety studies?

      Individual differences, time differences, distraction, post-event discussion, media influence, rehearsal.
    • How do extraneous variables affect internal validity in anxiety studies?

      They can lead to measuring something other than the independent variable.
    • What is a counterargument to using extraneous variables in anxiety research?

      It is more realistic than conducting a lab experiment.
    • What ethical concerns arise from creating or manipulating anxiety in research?

      It can cause psychological harm to participants.
    • What argument is made regarding the use of real events in anxiety research?

      It may be acceptable as the anxiety is not caused by the research itself.
    • What is suggested about the benefits of anxiety research compared to its costs?

      The benefits of the research may outweigh the costs.
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