AO1

• 1. Bottom-up approach (BUA)

  • create the likely characteristics, behaviour, and social background through systematic analysis of the crime scene
  • British Model
  • The profile is 'data-driven' and generates as the investigator engages in deeper and more rigorous scrutiny of the details of the offence
  • More grounded in psychological theory, than the top-down approach
• What is the primary focus of investigative psychology?


  To apply statistical procedures and psychological theory to analyze crime scene evidence
• What is the aim of offender profiling in investigative psychology?

  To establish patterns of behavior likely to occur across crime scenes
• How does investigative psychology create a statistical database?


  By matching specific details of an offence against established patterns
• What does the concept of interpersonal coherence suggest about an offender's behavior?


  It reflects how they interact with victims and relates to their everyday behavior
• How might the behavior of rapists differ according to Dwyer (2001)?


  Some may seek control and humiliation, while others may be apologetic
• What does forensic awareness refer to?

  Individuals who have been interrogated by police and may cover their tracks
• What is the principle behind geographical profiling?


  People commit crimes within a limited geographical space
• How does geographical profiling assist investigators?

  By inferring the likely home or operational base of an offender
• What does Canter's circle theory suggest about the pattern of offending?


  It forms a circle around the offender's home base
• What are the two types of offenders described in geographical profiling?

  The marauder and the commuter
• What insight can spatial decision-making provide to investigators?

  It can indicate whether the offence was planned or opportunistic
• What factors can be revealed through understanding an offender's spatial behavior?

  Their mental maps, mode of transport, employment status, and approximate age
• What is the process of crime mapping in geographical profiling?

  • Plotting the locations of linked crime scenes
  • Analyzing spatial patterns of offending
  • Inferring the offender's home base or operational area
• What is a marauder?

  An offender who operates in close proximity to their home base
• What is a commuter

  An offender which is likely to have travelled a distance away from their usual residence
• What is the 'significance in the time and place'


  it may indicate where the offender may be living