SI - Resistance to SI

• What was the main focus of Milgram's research?


  The power of authority figures and obedience to orders
• What percentage of participants in Milgram's study were willing to administer the maximum shock?


  65%
• What did Milgram's original experiment aim to investigate?


  Why ordinary people obey authority figures even in extreme situations
• What were the roles assigned to participants in Milgram's experiment?


  • Teacher: Real participant
  • Learner: Confederate (actor)
• What was the range of voltage levels used in Milgram's experiment?


  15 volts to 450 volts
• What did participants believe they were testing in Milgram's study?


  A study on memory
• How did Milgram ensure that the real participant always received the role of teacher?


  The assignment of roles was fixed, not random
• What was the purpose of the electrodes in Milgram's experiment?


  To make participants believe they were administering electric shocks
• What would happen when the learner answered incorrectly?

  The teacher would administer a shock, increasing the voltage
• What was the reaction of the learner when they received shocks?


  The learner cried out in pain and pleaded to stop
• What did Milgram mean by the term "agentic state"?


  A state where individuals follow orders without feeling personal responsibility
• What is the opposite of the agentic state called?


  Autonomous state
• How does socialization affect obedience to authority?


  It teaches individuals whom to respect and obey in society
• What role do uniforms play in authority?


  They act as visible symbols of authority
• How did Milgram vary the proximity of the authority figure in his experiments?


  By giving instructions through a telephone instead of in person
• What was the obedience rate when the authority figure was distant?


  21%
• What effect did changing the location of the experiment have on obedience rates?


  Obedience dropped to 47.5% when moved to a rundown office
• What was the obedience rate when the authority figure was dressed in plain clothes?


  20%
• What are some criticisms of Milgram's research methodology?


  • Lacks mundane realism
  • Lacks ecological validity
  • Gender bias in sample
  • Participants may have guessed the study's aims
• What is a counter-dispositional explanation for obedience suggested by Adorno?


  People with authoritarian personalities are more likely to obey
• What are the strengths of Milgram's experimental methodology?


  • High level of control due to standardized procedures
  • Results are reliable across different contexts
  • Clear instructions allow for replication
• What is the significance of Milgram's findings in psychology?


  They reveal the extent to which ordinary people will obey authority
• What role did Confederates play in Milgram's experiment?


  They acted as participants but were aware of the true nature of the study
• What psychological impact did participants experience during Milgram's experiment?


  Many showed signs of stress while administering shocks
• How do Milgram's findings relate to the understanding of authority and obedience in society?


  They highlight the potential for ordinary people to commit harmful acts under authority
• What historical event influenced Milgram's research focus?


  The Holocaust and the obedience of ordinary Germans
• What ethical considerations arise from Milgram's experiment?


  Participants were subjected to extreme stress and deception
• What does Adorno suggest about obedience in relation to personality types?


  Adorno suggests that people with an authoritarian personality are capable of extreme obedience.
• What methodological strength is associated with Milgram's experiment?


  Milgram's use of standardized procedures led to a high level of control.
• How have Milgram's results been shown to be reliable?


  Milgram's results have been replicated across different countries and time periods.
• What ethical criticisms are associated with Milgram's study?


  Milgram's study is criticized for causing emotional distress and deception of participants.
• What is the cost-benefit perspective regarding Milgram's ethical decisions?


  Some argue that the harm caused was worth it due to the impact of his studies.
• What are the key findings of Hofling's study on obedience in nurses?


  • 21 out of 22 nurses complied with an order from an unfamiliar voice.
  • The order was to give a dangerous dose of medication.
  • This suggests high obedience to perceived authority in a hospital setting.
• What did Bickman's field experiment reveal about uniforms and obedience?


  • Participants were more likely to obey when the experimenter wore a guard uniform.
  • Obedience was 89% in the guard uniform condition compared to 33% in no uniform.
  • This supports the idea that uniforms symbolize authority and increase obedience.
• What were the findings of Sheridan and King's study on obedience?


  • Participants delivered real electric shocks to a puppy.
  • 54% of male participants shocked the puppy to the maximum level.
  • 100% of female participants shocked the puppy to the maximum level.
• How does Adorno's theory explain obedience in relation to upbringing?


  Adorno argues that an authoritarian personality develops from a harsh upbringing with physical punishments.
• What does the F scale measure in relation to personality?


  The F scale measures authoritarian personality traits, including fixed stereotypes and hostility towards lower-status groups.
• What are the two factors measured by the F scale?


  1. Authoritarian submission: Uncritical attitude towards authority.
  2. Power and toughness: Preoccupation with dominance and submission.
• How does Adorno's theory account for individual variations in obedience?


  Adorno's theory suggests that willingness to obey varies from person to person based on their personality traits.
• What correlation is noted in research supporting Adorno's theory?


  Obedient males scored significantly higher on the F scale, indicating more authoritarian personalities.