Milgram

• What is obedience in the context of social influence?


  A form of social influence where an individual follows a direct order.
• Who typically issues the orders in obedience situations?


  Someone in a position of authority who can punish.
• What was the purpose of Milgram's 1963 study?


  To investigate obedience to authority.
• How were participants recruited for Milgram's study?


  Using newspaper ads and flyers.
• What roles were assigned to participants in Milgram's study?


  The roles of 'teacher' and 'learner'.
• What was the role of the confederate in Milgram's study?


  The confederate acted as the 'learner' who received fake shocks.
• What voltage range was used for the electric shocks in Milgram's study?


  15 to 450 volts.
• What instruction did the experimenter give when the teacher hesitated?


  ‘Absence of response should be treated as a wrong answer.’
• What were the four standard prods used by the experimenter?


  1. Please continue. 2. The experiment requires that you continue. 3. It is absolutely essential that you continue. 4. You have no other choice; you must go on.
• What ethical issues arose from Milgram's study?


  • Deception about the shocks being real
  • Lack of informed consent
  • Potential psychological harm to participants
• What was the conclusion regarding the percentage of participants who continued to 450 volts?


  55% of participants continued to 450 volts.
• What criticism did Milgram's study face regarding ecological validity?


  It lacked ecological validity due to being conducted in a laboratory setting.
• What did Hofling et al.'s study demonstrate about obedience?


  12 out of 22 nurses followed orders from a doctor over the phone.
• What did Bickman's study find regarding uniforms and behavior?


  Wearing a uniform increases the level of independent behavior.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Milgram's research?


  Strengths:

  • Good external validity
  • Replications found similar results

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Lack of internal validity
  • Ethical issues due to deception
• What did Haslam and Reicher suggest about the prods used in Milgram's study?


  The first three prods appeal for help with science, while the fourth demands obedience.
• What was Baumrind's criticism of Milgram's study?


  Milgram's deceptions betrayed trust and could cause psychological harm.
• What was the real-life application of Hofling et al.'s study?


  It showed high levels of obedience among nurses following doctor's orders.
• What was the outcome of Rank and Jackson's counter study?


  Only 2 out of 18 nurses obeyed when familiar drugs were used.
• What are the key findings from Milgram's obedience study?


  • High levels of obedience to authority
  • Ethical concerns regarding deception
  • Influence of situational factors on behavior
• What are the implications of Milgram's study for understanding human behavior?


  • Highlights the power of authority in influencing actions
  • Raises ethical considerations in psychological research
  • Suggests the need for informed consent and transparency