week 5 medical microbiology

• What are the main classifications of protozoa based on their means of movement?


  Ciliates, Flagellates, Apicomplexa, Amoebae
• Which protozoan is known to cause malaria?


  Plasmodium sp.
• What is the primary means of transmission for Giardia lamblia?


  Ingestion
• What are the general principles of protozoan diseases transmission?


  • Ingestion
  • Vectors
  • Sexual contact
  • Transovarial
  • Placental
• Which insect is a vector for Plasmodium sp.?


  Anopheles sp.
• What disease is caused by Trypanosoma spp.?


  Sleeping sickness and Chagas disease
• What is the role of Ixodes scapularis in protozoan diseases?


  It is a host for Babesia bovis.
• What are the diseases associated with different protozoan vectors?


  • Trypanosoma spp.: Sleeping sickness
  • Plasmodium spp.: Malaria
  • Leishmania spp.: Leishmaniasis
  • Babesia spp.: Babesiosis
• What is the primary vector for malaria?

  Mosquito
• What is the life cycle of the obligate protozoan parasite causing malaria?


  It includes schizogony and a sexual stage in the mosquito.
• What is the significance of the Duffy antigen in malaria?


  It is required for the invasion of red blood cells by Plasmodium.
• What are the symptoms of malaria caused by Plasmodium species?


  Fever, chills, and sweating.
• How does the presence of sickle cell trait affect malaria susceptibility?


  It provides some protection against malaria infection.
• What is the role of reactive oxygen species in malaria pathogenicity?


  They act as pyrogens contributing to fever.
• What is the primary treatment for malaria?

  Quinine treatments.
• What are the possible outcomes of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy?


  • Ocular abnormalities
  • Brain damage
  • Foetal death
• What is the primary source of Toxoplasma gondii infection?


  Cat litter and contaminated food/water.
• What are the symptoms of Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals?


  Pneumonia, cerebral calcification, nephritis, skin rashes.
• What are the two stages of American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)?

  Acute stage and chronic stage.
• What is the role of the triatomine bug in Chagas disease?


  It is the primary vector for Trypanosoma cruzi.
• How does the habitat of the tsetse fly affect the spread of African Trypanosomiasis?


  It is concentrated near human settlements, making eradication difficult.
• What are the symptoms of Sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei?


  Weight loss, neurological impairment, swollen lymph nodes, fever.
• What is the function of glycosomes in Trypanosoma spp.?


  They contain enzymes involved in ATP generation.
• What is the significance of the amastigote form in Chagas disease?


  It shows the presence of parasites in muscle cells.
• What are the clinical presentations of Leishmaniasis?


  • Cutaneous: skin sores
  • Mucocutaneous: affects naso-pharyngeal tissues
  • Visceral: fever, weight loss, spleen & liver enlargement
• What is the vector for Leishmania spp.?


  Phlebotomine sandfly.
• What is the prevention method for cutaneous leishmaniasis?


  Using sandfly nets, possibly impregnated with permethrin.
• What is the characteristic of visceral leishmaniasis if untreated?


  It is fatal.
• What is the role of the immune response in Toxoplasmosis symptoms?


  Symptoms are caused by the immune response, not the parasites.
• How does the prevalence of Leishmaniasis vary geographically?

  It is more common in rural areas and decreases in some regions.
• What is the magnification of Leishmania parasites in microscopy?


  1000x magnification.
• What are the symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis?


  Skin sores that can last from weeks to years.
• What is the characteristic of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?


  It can occur months to years after cutaneous lesions have healed.
• What is the significance of the electron micrograph in diagnosing leishmaniasis?


  It shows the presence of amastigotes characteristic of Leishmania spp.
• What disease is caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?

  Cryptosporidiosis
• What disease is associated with Cyclospora cayetanesis?

  Cyclosporiasis
• What is the disease caused by Giardia lamblia?

  Giardiasis
• What disease is caused by Balantidium coli?

  Balantidiasis (dysentery)
• What disease is associated with Acanthamoeba spp.?

  Keratitis
• What do all the listed organisms cause?

  • Diarrhoeal diseases