Prevalence of Communicable and Non-communicable diseases

• What types of diseases dominate mortality and morbidity in advanced countries (ACs)?

  Non-communicable diseases such as Cancer
• What has largely eliminated the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in ACs?


  Advancements in healthcare
• What is the result of advancements in healthcare in ACs?


  Higher life expectancy than that of low-income countries (LDCs)
• What environmental condition is instrumental in the spread of diseases?


  Water pollution
• What causes water pollution in LIDCs?


  A lack of sanitation
• What diseases can polluted water from wells and surface streams provide a reservoir for?


  Cholera, typhoid, and diarrhoea
• What provides breeding sites for disease vectors in LIDCs?


  Poor drainage
• Which disease vectors are mentioned that transmit diseases like malaria and bilharzia?


  Mosquitos and water snails
• How does geography affect the prevalence of communicable diseases in LIDCs?


  Most of the world's poorest countries are in the tropics and sub-tropics
• What climatic conditions create an epidemiology for a wide range of infectious diseases?


  High temperatures and abundant rainfall
• Name some infectious diseases that are prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

  Malaria, dengue fever, sleeping sickness, filariasis, yellow fever, Ebola
• What percentage of all deaths worldwide are caused by noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)?


  About 70%
• Where do almost three quarters of all NCD deaths occur?


  In low- and middle-income countries
• What are the four major risk factors driving the rise of NCDs?


  Tobacco use, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, and unhealthy diets
• What are the health consequences of the epidemic of NCDs?


  Devastating health consequences for individuals, families, and communities
• What percentage of all premature NCD deaths are attributed to tobacco use and unhealthy diets?


  80%
• How many people die from NCDs each year?


  41 million
• What are the main types of NCDs?


  Cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes
• Who is at risk of NCD deaths?


  People of all age groups, regions, and countries
• What age group accounts for 85% of all NCD deaths?


  Ages 30 to 60 years
• What are metabolic risk factors that can lead to cardiovascular disease?


  Increased blood glucose and increased blood lipids
• What socioeconomic impacts do NCDs have?


  They threaten progress towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
• How does poverty relate to NCDs?


  Poverty is closely linked with NCDs
• What happens to household costs associated with healthcare in low-income countries due to NCDs?


  They increase
• How do NCDs affect vulnerable and socially disadvantaged people?


  They get sicker and die sooner
• What is a key approach to control NCDs?


  Focusing on reducing the risk factors associated with these diseases
• What is required to lessen the impact of NCDs on individuals and society?


  A comprehensive approach requiring collaboration across all sectors
• What impact did the COVID-19 pandemic have on health services for NCDs?


  It dramatically curtailed the provision of health services for NCDs
• What percentage of countries reported disrupted hypertension treatment due to the pandemic?


  53%
• What happened to new cancer diagnoses in the Netherlands since the pandemic lockdown?


  They fell by 25%
• What percentage of cardiac emergencies reached health facilities in rural India in March 2020 compared to the previous year?


  30% fewer
• What percentage of countries surveyed had disrupted rehabilitation services after severe COVID-19?


  63%
• What happened to screening campaigns in more than half of the countries surveyed during the pandemic?


  They were put on hold
• Who stated that the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically curtailed the provision of health services for NCDs?


  WHO’s director-general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus