Solids, liquids and gasses.

• What are the three states of matter?

  Solids, liquids, and gases
• How are particles arranged in solids?

  Particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement and only vibrate in place
• What is the shape and volume of solids?

  Solids have a definite shape and volume
• How do particles behave in liquids?

  Particles are close together but can move past each other, allowing liquids to flow
• What is the shape and volume of liquids?

  Liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape
• How do particles behave in gases?

  Particles are far apart and move freely in all directions
• What is the shape and volume of gases?

  Gases have neither a definite shape nor a fixed volume
• What does the Kinetic Theory of Matter explain?

  It explains the properties of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle movement
• How do particles behave in solids according to the Kinetic Theory?

  Particles vibrate around fixed positions
• How do particles behave in liquids according to the Kinetic Theory?

  Particles have more energy and can slide past each other
• How do particles behave in gases according to the Kinetic Theory?

  Particles have high energy, move freely, and are widely spaced
• What is the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy?

  Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles
• What happens to particle movement at higher temperatures?

  Particles move faster
• What is density?

  Density (ρ) is the mass per unit volume of a substance
• How is density measured?

  Density is measured in kg/m³ or g/cm³
• What is the formula for density?

  $\rho =$$\frac{m}{V}$
• What do the symbols in the density formula represent?

  $\rho$ is density, $m$ is mass, and $V$ is volume
• How does the density of solids compare to liquids and gases?

  Solids generally have higher density than liquids, and liquids have higher density than gases
• What is pressure in fluids?

  Pressure (P) is the force exerted per unit area
• How is pressure measured?

  Pressure is measured in Pascals (Pa)
• What is the formula for pressure?

  $P =$$\frac{F}{A}$
• What do the symbols in the pressure formula represent?

  $P$ is pressure, $F$ is force, and $A$ is area
• What is the formula for pressure in liquids?

  $P =$$h \rho g$
• What do the symbols in the liquid pressure formula represent?

  $h$ is height, $\rho$ is density, and $g$ is gravitational field strength
• What is Boyle's Law?

  At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
• What is the formula for Boyle's Law?

  $P_1 V_1 =$$P_2 V_2$
• What is Charles's Law?

  At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (in Kelvin)
• What is the formula for Charles's Law?

  $V_1 T_1 =$$V_2 T_2$
• What is the Pressure Law?

  At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (in Kelvin)
• What is the formula for the Pressure Law?

  $P_1 T_1 =$$P_2 T_2$
• What is the Combined Gas Law?

  It combines the three gas laws when neither pressure, volume, nor temperature is constant
• What is the formula for the Combined Gas Law?

  $P_1 V_1 T_1 =$$P_2 V_2 T_2$
• What are the changes of state of matter?

  • Melting: Solid to liquid
  • Freezing: Liquid to solid
  • Evaporation/Boiling: Liquid to gas
  • Evaporation occurs at the surface and at any temperature
  • Boiling occurs throughout the liquid at a specific temperature
  • Condensation: Gas to liquid
  • Sublimation: Solid to gas (e.g., dry ice)
• What happens to temperature during a change of state?

  The temperature remains constant while the particles rearrange
• What is specific heat capacity?

  Specific Heat Capacity (c) is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C
• What is the formula for specific heat capacity?

  $E =$$mc\Delta T$
• What do the symbols in the specific heat capacity formula represent?

  $E$ is energy, $m$ is mass, $c$ is specific heat capacity, and $\Delta T$ is the change in temperature
• What is specific latent heat?

  Specific Latent Heat (L) is the energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature
• What is the formula for specific latent heat?

  $E =$$mL$
• What do the symbols in the specific latent heat formula represent?

  $E$ is energy, $m$ is mass, and $L$ is specific latent heat