Psychology 2

• What is the main idea of Piaget's theory of morality from 1932?


  Moral understanding develops through stages.
• What is the focus of a child's moral understanding between the ages of 5-10 according to Piaget?


  Children believe rules cannot be changed and focus on consequences.
• What change occurs in a child's moral understanding around age 10 according to Piaget?


  Children begin to understand that intentions are important and rules can be changed to benefit others.
• According to Damon (1999), what are two sources of moral development?


  Biology and social experiences.
• What is the significance of giving children the chance to sort out problems with others according to Damon?


  It helps in their moral development.
• What is global empathy in early infancy?


  It is the ability to feel for others without understanding their feelings.
• What realization do children have between ages 1-2 regarding others' emotions?


  They realize others are upset, which distresses them, but they don't know how to respond.
• What do children learn in early childhood about others' reactions?


  They learn that others might react differently from them in a situation.
• What awareness do children develop between ages 10-12 regarding social issues?


  They realize that others may live in poverty or have disabilities.
• What is a criticism of Piaget and Kohlberg's research methods?


  They used artificial stories, which lack validity.
• What is the main focus of Kohlberg's theory of morality from 1958?


  It outlines stages of moral development.
• What characterizes pre-conventional morality according to Kohlberg?


  Children obey rules to avoid punishment and act out of self-interest.
• What is the focus of conventional morality in Kohlberg's theory?


  Conforming to social rules and maintaining social order.
• What is post-conventional morality according to Kohlberg?


  It involves understanding laws as social contracts and following universal ethics.
• What are morals?


  Standards of right and wrong behavior that can differ between cultures.
• What does morality refer to?


  How people behave according to principles of right and wrong.
• What does Willingham's learning theory emphasize about factual knowledge?


  Factual knowledge comes before skills.
• Why is knowing facts important for problem-solving and reasoning according to Willingham?


  It helps in building skills for problem-solving and reasoning.
• What strategies does Willingham suggest to support cognitive development?


  • Use problems that are new and within students' ability but require effort.
  • Remember that students' abilities vary and can change.
• What strategies does Willingham suggest for physical development?


  • Focus on suitable movements and their order.
  • Provide enough practice to make movements automatic.
  • Encourage conscious effort.
• What strategies does Willingham suggest for social development?


  • Demonstrate appropriate social behavior for children to imitate.
  • Delay rewards to encourage persistence in tasks.
• What is the strength of Willingham's learning theory?


  It has practical applications that can help with children's development.
• What is a weakness of Willingham's learning theory?


  It does not consider individual differences, making it less applicable to everyone.
• What is the difference between person praise and process praise according to Gunerson et al (2013)?


  Person praise focuses on the individual, while process praise focuses on the action being done.
• What is the consequence of person praise according to Gunerson et al (2013)?


  It leads children to think they are born with or without ability, fostering a fixed mindset.
• What is the benefit of process praise according to Gunerson et al (2013)?


  It helps children see ability as changeable, fostering a growth mindset.
• What was the demographic of the participants in Gunerson et al's study?


  29 boys and 24 girls, with a majority being white.
• What ethical issue was present in Gunerson et al's study?


  Participants were deceived about the aims of the study.
• What was a weakness of Gunerson et al's study regarding behavior?


  Participants' behavior may not have been natural, affecting validity.
• What percentage of praise for boys was process praise compared to girls in Gunerson et al's study?


  24% for boys and 10.3% for girls.
• What is the conclusion regarding children's thinking at age 7?


  Thinking is no longer egocentric as children can see more than one point of view.
• What were the results of the study on children's perspective-taking at different ages?


  1. year-olds chose pictures based on their view, 6-year-olds chose differently but barely correctly, and 7-8-year-olds consistently chose correctly.
• What is a strength of the three mountains task study conducted by Piaget and Inhelder?


  It used standardized procedures, providing reliable results.
• What is a weakness of the three mountains task study?


  Other studies used more realistic scenarios and did not gather the same findings, questioning its reliability.
• What was the aim of the three mountains task?


  To find out when a child decentrates.
• What was the procedure of the three mountains task?


  Children were shown three mountains and asked to indicate the doll's perspective using photos from different viewpoints.
• What are the components of the hindbrain?


  The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
• What does the medulla oblongata control?


  It controls automatic responses and connects the upper brain to the spinal cord.
• What is the role of the cerebellum?


  It controls motor movements.
• What is the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory?


  It is the stage where children think abstractly and explore hypothetical ideas.