cardiovascular

• What is the primary function of the heart?


  The heart acts as a pump.
• Where is the heart located in the body?

  It is located underneath the sternum.
• What is the name of the sac that surrounds the heart?

  The pericardium.
• What is the function of pericardial fluid?


  It prevents friction between the heart and pericardium.
• What are the three layers of the heart?

  • Epicardium (outer layer)
  • Myocardium (middle layer)
  • Endocardium (inner layer)
• What is myoglobin and where is it found?


  Myoglobin is a type of hemoglobin found exclusively in muscles.
• Why is an increase in myoglobin important for a performer?


  It allows more oxygen to be transported to the mitochondria.
• How does increased myoglobin affect energy production?


  More myoglobin leads to more energy being released in muscles.
• How does myoglobin help a performer run a marathon?


  It delays the onset of fatigue and enables efficient aerobic respiration.
• What is the septum of the heart?


  A solid wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart.
• What is the function of the septum?


  It keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.
• What are the four key chambers of the heart?

  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
• What does the right atrium do?


  It supplies deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle.
• What is the role of the right ventricle?


  It moves deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• What does the left atrium do?


  It supplies oxygenated blood to the left ventricle.
• What is the function of the left ventricle?


  It pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
• What are the two circuits of the double circulatory system?


  • Pulmonary circuit: Moves blood between the heart and lungs.
  • Systemic circuit: Moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
• What is the role of pulmonary circulation?


  It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen.
• What is the role of systemic circulation?


  It moves oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
• What are the names of the major structures of the heart?

  1. Inferior vena cava
  2. Superior vena cava
  3. Right atrium
  4. Tricuspid valve
  5. Right ventricle
  6. Pulmonary (semilunar valve)
  7. Pulmonary artery
  8. Pulmonary vein
  9. Left atrium

  10. Bicuspid valve

  11. Left ventricle

  12. Aortic (semilunar valve)

  13. Aorta
• What is the function of the inferior vena cava?


  It brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body into the right atrium.
• What is the function of the superior vena cava?


  It brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body into the right atrium.
• What is the role of the tricuspid valve?


  It prevents backflow of blood between the right atrium and right ventricle.
• What is the function of the bicuspid valve?


  It allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
• What does the aortic semi-lunar valve do?

  It prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle.
• What is the role of the pulmonary semi-lunar valve?


  It prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.
• What do arteries do?


  They transport blood away from the heart.
• What are the characteristics of arteries?


  They have thick muscular walls and do not have valves.
• What do veins do?


  They transport blood towards the heart.
• What are the characteristics of veins?


  They have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow of blood.
• What are the characteristics of capillaries?


  • They connect arterioles and venules.
  • They are the smallest blood vessels and only one cell thick.
  • Gaseous exchange takes place here.
• What is the function of arterioles?


  They control blood distribution and enable blood to pass to capillaries.
• What is the function of venules?


  They are smaller versions of veins that collect blood from capillaries.
• What is the composition of blood?


  • Red blood cells (carry oxygen)
  • Plasma (transport nutrients and maintain blood pressure)
  • White blood cells (fight infection)
• What is the main function of red blood cells?


  To carry oxygen to all living tissue.
• What protein is found in red blood cells?

  Hemoglobin.
• What happens when four oxygens combine with hemoglobin?


  It forms oxyhemoglobin.
• What is the shape of red blood cells and why is it important?


  They are biconcave, providing a large surface area for oxygen transport.
• What is the role of plasma in the blood?


  It helps transport nutrients, CO2, RBCs, WBCs, hormones, and proteins.
• What is the composition of plasma?


  It is made up of 90% water and electrolytes like potassium and sodium.