Muscular

• What is the function of a sesamoid bone?


  Protect and reduce friction across a joint
• What is the function of an irregular bone?


  Protect
• What are the sections of the vertebrae from top to bottom?

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccyx
• What type of movement occurs at the knee joint?

  Extension
• What are the types of muscle in the muscular system?

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
• How does skeletal muscle appear?


  Striped/striated in appearance
• Under what type of control do skeletal muscles contract?


  Conscious control
• What type of muscle is skeletal muscle classified as?


  Voluntary muscle
• How do skeletal muscles connect to bones?


  Via tendons
• What happens to skeletal muscles when they become fatigued?

  They can no longer contract effectively
• What is the role of hip flexors in movement?


  Flexion at the hip
• What is the role of gluteals in movement?


  Extension at the hip
• What is the role of quadriceps in movement?


  Extension at the knee
• What is the role of hamstrings in movement?

  Flexion at the knee
• What is the role of gastrocnemius in movement?

  Plantar-flexion at the ankle
• What is the role of tibialis anterior in movement?


  Dorsi-flexion at the ankle
• What are the types of muscle contractions?

  • Isometric
  • Isotonic (eccentric and concentric)
• What is the role of antagonistic muscle pairs?


  One muscle pulls to create movement, while another muscle pulls to return the joint to its original position
• What are the antagonistic pairs at the elbow?

  Biceps and triceps
• What are the antagonistic pairs at the knee?

  Quadriceps and hamstrings
• What are the antagonistic pairs at the ankle?

  Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius
• What are the antagonistic pairs at the hip?


  Hip flexors and gluteals
• What are the antagonistic pairs at the shoulder?

  Deltoid and latissimus dorsi
• What is the role of a synergist muscle?


  To enable the agonist to operate effectively
• What is the role of a fixator muscle?


  To prevent unwanted movement and stabilize a joint
• What happens during the process of running at the knee and hip?

  • At the knee: Hamstrings and quadriceps work as antagonistic pairs.
  • Quadriceps extend the knee; hamstrings flex the knee.
  • At the hip: Hip flexors flex the hip; gluteals extend the hip.
• What is the stationary end of a muscle called?

  Origin
• What is the end of the muscle that moves called?

  Insertion
• What is the agonist muscle also referred to as?


  Prime mover
• What are the two types of muscle contraction?


  • Isometric
  • Isotonic (eccentric and concentric)
• What happens to a muscle during an isometric contraction?


  No movement occurs, and there is no change in range of motion at a joint
• What is the concentric phase also known as?


  Positive phase
• What is the eccentric phase also known as?


  Negative phase
• What is the agonist at the elbow during the downwards phase of a press-up?


  Biceps
• What is the agonist at the knee during the downwards phase of a squat?

  Hamstrings
• What is the agonist at the ankle during the upwards phase of a squat?

  Gastrocnemius
• What is the agonist at the elbow during the downwards phase of a bicep curl?


  Biceps
• What are the different types of muscle fibers?

  • Type 1 (slow twitch)
  • Type 2a (fast twitch)
  • Type 2x (fast twitch)
• What are Type 1 muscle fibers known for?


  They are slow twitch and resistant to fatigue
• What activities are Type 1 fibers suited for?


  Longer duration, aerobic activities