Modifying the event

• Modify the cause

  • Prevent the hazard at source
  • Smetic Clay Los Angeles
• Modify the event

  • Ability to control, avoid, resist; involves engineering and technologies; building design; land use zoning
  • Chile, japan, christchurch, mt etna
• Modify the loss

  • rescue, relief aid;insurance cover
  • christchurch, haiti, kashmir
• Modify the vulnerability

  • prediction ,warning, prepardness(risk sharing), education
  • chile,china.japan
• Land diversion Channels at Mount Etna

  • the first succesful attempt to divert lava was in 1973 during the Heimaey eruption
  • During the 1983 eruption earyen barriers were used to divert major flows. succesful
  • 1991 was not succesful because of excessive lava flow
• Tsunami modification

  • Changing the offshore environment with barriers such as higher and stronger sea walla or implementation of Mangroves to reduce velocity
• Earthquakes and Volcanoes modification

  • Land use zoning
  • Hazard-resistant/aseismic design
  • Ash resistant roofs
  • Organised emergency services
  • Prediction/warning system
  • Educating people
• The nature of the hazard can affect the ability to modifying vulnerability

  • Scale
  • Impact
  • Magnitude
  • Frequency
• Physical factors affecting modifying vulnerability

  • Accesibility
  • Topography
  • Climate
• Human factors affecting modifying vulnerability

  • population density
  • degree of prepardness, including quality of existing infrastucture
  • technology and education levels available
  • economic wealth
  • government will, and compentance (governance)
• What was the magnitude of the Sichuan Earthquake in 2008?

  1. 9 MW
• Why were many areas in Sichuan too dangerous for civilians after the earthquake?

  Due to the risk of further collapses and instability
• What was one of the measures taken for mountain communities affected by the Sichuan Earthquake?

  Relocation programs were implemented
• What were the key components of the reconstruction efforts after the Sichuan Earthquake?

  • Building ~ 4 million new homes
  • Creating million new jobs in earthquake-proof buildings
  • Strengthening 2,600 schools with $800 million
  • Constructing 4,800 new primary schools
  • Establishing 169 new hospitals
  • Total reconstruction bill = $150 billion
• How many rural families were left homeless as a result of the Sichuan Earthquake?

  3 million rural homeless families
• How many city apartments were planned to be built after the earthquake?

  860,000 city apartments
• How much funding was provided by the China disaster relief fund?

  $4 billion
• What types of aid were provided to the affected areas after the Sichuan Earthquake?

  Temporary tents, houses, garments, quilts, and food aid
• How many troops were sent for rescue work after the Sichuan Earthquake?

  80,000 troops
• What role did geomechanics play in the Sichuan Earthquake response?

  It was involved in overseas rescue work
• How many new primary schools were built in Sichuan, Gansu, and Shaanxi provinces?

  4,800 new primary schools
• How many new hospitals were established after the Sichuan Earthquake?

  169 new hospitals
• What was the total reconstruction bill for the Sichuan Earthquake?

  $150 billion
• How many people were killed in Qingchuan due to landslides?

  700
• What was buried by a landslide?

  A train
• How many natural lakes were formed due to earthquake debris?

  34
• What was one consequence of the natural lakes formed by earthquake debris?

  Drowning miners
• Who were the potential dangers posed by the landslides directed towards?

  Local people
• What natural phenomenon threatened to breach a temporary earth dam?

  Rising water levels
• How many people were evacuated to higher ground?

  250,000
• What was completed at 7 to address the situation after the landslide?

  An artificial channel
• How many days after the earthquake was the artificial channel completed to drain the lake?

  26 days
• What are the secondary hazards associated with landslides?

  • Loss of life (e.g., 700 killed in Qingchuan)
  • Infrastructure damage (e.g., train buried)
  • Formation of natural lakes (e.g., 34 lakes formed)
  • Drowning risks (e.g., miners)
  • Threats to local populations (e.g., rising water levels)
  • Evacuations (e.g., 250,000 evacuated)