CELL BIOLOGY

• Genetic material in plant and animal cells is found in the

  nucleus
• Plants and animal cells both have

  nucleus

  cell membrane

  cytoplasm
• Bacterial cells are also known as

  Prokaryotic cells
• Plant and animal cells are also known as

  Eukaryotic cells
• What is the size of bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic cells

  bacterial are smaller
• Bacterial cells have small rings of DNA called

  plasmids
• What is different about genetic material in bacterial compared to eukaryotic

  not enclosed in nucleus
• What material is the cell wall of plant and algal cells made from

  cellulose
• What parts of plant cells are not found in animal cells

  chloroplasts

  permanent vacuole
• What is found in permanent vacuole of plant cell

  cell sap
• What is function of nucleus

  controls activity of cell.

  Genetic material found here
• What is function of cytoplasm

  liquid gel where most chemical reactions take place
• What is function of cell membrane

  controls passage of substances into and out of the cell
• What is function of mitochondria

  aerobic respiration releasing energy for the cell
• What is function of the ribosomes

  protein synthesis
• What is function of chloroplast

  contains chlorophyll which absorbs light so photosynthesis can take place
• What is function of permanent vacuole

  keeps cells rigid to support plants
• What is function of cell wall

  made of cellulose which strengthens cell and provides support
• What is function of plasmids

  genetic material found in bacterial cells
• What microscope would you use to observe ribosomes

  electron microscope
• specialisation of sperm cell

  • large nucleus contains genetic material
  • long tail assists with movement
  • lots of mitochondria for energy for movement
• specialisation of nerve cell

  • long axon to carry information over long distances to other nerve cells
  • dendrites to receive info from other nerve cells
• what is axon in nerve cell

  transfers signals to other nerve cells. Its a long projection that carries electrical sygnals
• what are dendrites in nerve cells

  receive signals from other nerve cells
• specialisation of muscle cell

  • lots of mitochondria for energy needed for contracting
• specialisation of root hair cell

  • large permanent vacuole to maintain water potential
  • increased surface area for efficient water intake
• specialisation of xylem cell

  • thick walls containing lignin increasing strength allowing them to withstand pressure of water
  • are dead which allows water to flow without resistence
• specialisation of phloem cells

  • has companion cells which keeps phloem alive
  • cell wall between phloem cells break down to form sieve plates which allows dissolved sugar through
• when do most animal cells differentiate

  at early stage
• what is different about when most types of plant and animal cells differentiate

  plant cells retain ability to differentiate throughout life
• in mature animals what is cell division for

  repair and replacement
• what do we call cell that has differentiated

  specialised cell
• definition of magnification

  how many times bigger image is than object
• definition of resolution

  ability to distinguish between two separate points in image
• what has higher resolution electron or light

  electron
• why are electron microscopes more usefull

  can study cells in much finer detail and see more sub cellular structures
• formula for magnification

  magnification = size of image / size of object
• which type of microscope has higher magnification

  electron
• what does nucleus of cell contain

  genetic information
• what are chromosomes made from

  DNA molecules