AP Euro Midterm Pt.2

• What is the learning target for the student?


  The student will be able to answer the learning target and justify their answer using relevant evidence.
• What are the foundational ideas of the Renaissance?

  • Fall of Middle Ages (after Black Plague)
  • Classism (renewed interest in Greek and Roman culture)
  • Humanism (focus on human achievements and potential)
  • Individualism (focus on the individual)
  • Secularism (non-religious)
  • Scientific inquiry (laid groundwork for modern science)
  • Perspective in arts
• How were Renaissance ideas reflected in art?

  • Realism and naturalism (accurate portrayal of human body and natural world)
  • Use of perspective
  • Focus on the individual (humanism)
  • Classical themes (inspiration from Greco-Roman mythology)
  • Human emotion and expression
  • Patrons (financial supporters like the Medici Family and Catholic Church)
• How were Renaissance ideas reflected in literature?

  • Humanism and individual (focused on human nature and personal virtue)
  • Classical influences (drew heavily on classical Greek and Roman works)
  • Machiavelli’s The Prince
  • Secular themes (not solely concerned with religious themes)
• What are the key differences between the Italian and Northern Renaissances?

  **Italian Renaissance:**

  • Three-dimensional, realistic and lifelike
  • Linear perspective (vanishing point)
  • Importance of religion in art
  • Focused on everyday human problems and relationships

  
  

  **Northern Renaissance:**

  • Used oil on wood panels, woodcuts engravings
  • Intense realism (no nudes)
  • Less emphasis on classicism
  • Revival of portraiture (focus on prosperous citizens)
• How did the Renaissance lead to new monarchies and centralized political systems?


  • Wars stopped, weakening local nobles
  • Centralized power with stronger government
  • Examples: France (Valois), England (Tudor), Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella), HRE (Hapsburg)
• What aspects of Catholicism were challenged by religious reformers?

  • Papal authority (rejected absolute authority of the pope)
  • Indulgences (viewed as corrupt)
  • Salvation and justification (argued for justification by faith alone)
  • Latin liturgy and Bible (advocated for vernacular translation)
• What was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation?


  • Counter-Reformation: Council of Trent addressed reforms
  • Formation of new religious orders: Jesuits focused on education and combating Protestantism
  • Censorship: Index of Forbidden Books
  • Art and architecture: Baroque movement to reaffirm faith
• What was a significant consequence of the Protestant Reformation?


  The 30 Years War.
• What motivated Europeans to engage in exploration and colonization?

  • The 3 Gs: Gold, Glory, and God
• What was the impact of European encounters on both Europe and the colonized regions?


  • Economic, cultural, and social changes
  • Introduction of new goods and ideas
  • Disruption of indigenous societies
• How did the shift in trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic change the balance of economic power?


  • Shifted economic focus to Atlantic powers
  • Increased wealth and influence of countries like Spain and Portugal
• Why are the 30 Years War and the Peace of Westphalia considered a turning point in European history?


  • It officially led to the recognition of state sovereignty and the end of religious wars in Europe.
• What were the goals of absolute rulers, and how did Louis XIV achieve them?


  • Goals: Centralized power and control over the state
  • Methods: Strong government, loyal officials, and standing armies
• To what extent were other rulers able to achieve absolute rule?


  • Varied success across Europe, with some achieving strong centralized power while others faced resistance.
• What methods and features of English society led to the creation of a constitutional government?

  • Development of parliamentary systems
  • Legal frameworks limiting royal power
  • Influence of Enlightenment ideas