German

• What replaced the Holy Roman Empire after the Congress of Vienna in 1815?


  The German Confederation (Deutsche Bund)
• What was the German Federation and when did it exist?


  The German Federation was a loose federation of 39 mostly German-speaking independent sovereign national states from 1845 to 1866.
• What were the remnants of Napoleonic occupation in Germany?


  Unified legal code, improved administration, emancipation of Jewish citizens, and creation of public schools and hospitals.
• Which were the biggest states in the German Confederation and what was notable about them?

  Prussia and Austria were the biggest states, notable for their greatest economic development.
• In which states were constitutions established and in what years?

  Constitutions were established in Bayern (1818), Baden (1818), Württemberg (1819), and Hessen-Darmstadt (1820).
• When did the Industrial Revolution start and where?


  The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century in England.
• What were the key branches of the Industrial Revolution?


  The key branches were steel works and textile mills.
• What was the Ruhr area known for during the Industrial Revolution?


  The Ruhr area was a contested region between France and Germany for natural resources.
• How many large factories were there in Germany by 1846 and how many workers did they employ?


  By 1846, there were 300 large factories employing 45,000 workers.
• What innovations in transportation occurred during the Industrial Revolution?


  Innovations included steamships and railroads.
• What social change occurred due to the Industrial Revolution?


  There was increased urbanization, also due to famine.
• What company was founded in 1846 in Jena and what did it produce?


  Carl Zeiss was founded in 1846 in Jena and produced microscopes and optical instruments.
• What did Siemens & Halske produce and when was it founded?


  Siemens & Halske produced electrical telegraphs and was founded in 1846.
• What was the first telegraph line established by Siemens & Halske?


  The first telegraph line was from Berlin to Frankfurt (Main).
• What company was founded in 1847 and what was its purpose?


  Hapag (Hamburg-Amerikanische-Paketfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft) was founded for international shipping.
• What was the impact of the rural exodus during the Industrial Revolution?


  The rural exodus led to a change from an agrarian to a manufacturing society.
• What issues arose from overcrowded cities during the Industrial Revolution?


  Overcrowded cities faced a lack of housing.
• Who was Heinrich Zille and what was his contribution?


  Heinrich Zille was a Berlin cartoonist known for depicting the plight of the working class.
• What role did workers' unions and associations play during the Industrial Revolution?


  Workers' unions and associations provided educational and arts opportunities.
• What significant work did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish in 1848?


  They published the Communist Manifesto in 1848.
• What was the Weavers' Revolt and its significance?


  The Weavers' Revolt was a significant uprising reflecting the struggles of the working class during the Industrial Revolution.
• When did the Weavers' Revolt occur?


  June 1844
• What was the main cause of the Weavers' Revolt?


  Competition between the traditional "putting out" system and machine production
• What significant event occurred in March 1848?


  The March Revolution
• What were the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819?


  Strict censorship of publications
• Which universities were established in Germany during the early 19th century?

  Berlin (1828) and München (1826)
• What was the role of the Landwehr and Freikorps?


  They were military troops of volunteers who fought against Napoleon in 1813
• What was the outcome of the February 1848 Revolution in France?


  It led to the abolition of the monarchy
• What happened on March 18, 1848, in Berlin?


  Fighting and barricades occurred
• What were the casualties during the fighting in Berlin on March 18, 1848?


  300 civilians and 100 soldiers were killed
• What concessions did the Prussian king make after the March Revolution?


  He agreed to German unity and a constitution
• Where did the National Assembly meet from 1848 to 1849?


  St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt
• How many delegates were present at the National Assembly?

  586 delegates
• What was a notable characteristic of the delegates in the National Assembly?


  There were no representatives of lower social classes
• What were the main discussion points in the National Assembly?


  Constitutional monarchy vs. democracy, centralized state vs. confederation, and voting rights
• What resolution did the National Assembly pass regarding Austria?


  Germany without Austria
• Who was proposed to be the German emperor according to the National Assembly's resolutions?


  The Prussian king
• What years did the German Empire exist?


  1871-1918
• What happened on March 28, 1849, regarding the National Assembly's delegation?


  Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected it as "revolutionary"
• What were the key aspects of economic expansion in the German Empire?

  • Currency reform
  • Founding of stock market
  • Population growth