Emotional Self

• How does Marsha Linehan define emotion?


  As a "full-system response."
• What components does Linehan include in her definition of emotion?

  Feelings, thoughts, and physiological reactions.
• What physiological changes might occur when experiencing fear?


  Shortness of breath and increased heart rate.
• How do McKay, Wood, and Brantley define emotions?


  As signals within the body that inform about experiences.
• What is an example of a pleasurable experience that elicits happiness?


  Experiencing something enjoyable.
• According to Ian Burkitt, what do emotions signify?


  What or whom is important in various situations.
• What does Eich (2015) say about emotions?


  They are a normal part of being human.
• Why is it unrealistic to try to get rid of emotions?


  Because emotions play an important role in our lives.
• What does Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) say about emotions?


  We are born with emotions wired into our brain.
• What are the three jobs of emotions according to Dialectical Behavior Therapy?


  1. Communication: Helps individuals express emotions.
  2. Motivation: Prompts action and focus.
  3. Information: Acts as signals or alarms in situations.
• What are some functions of emotions as explained by McKay, Wood, and Brantley (2007)?


  Survive, remember, cope, communicate, avoid pain, seek pleasure.
• What does the Embodiment Theory emphasize about emotions?


  It emphasizes the impact of the body on emotional experience.
• How does Ian Burkitt describe the relationship between thought and emotion?


  He states they are intertwined in embodied emotional selves.
• What is the significance of relational context in understanding emotions?


  Feelings and emotions make sense within specific relational contexts.
• What are primary and secondary emotions?


  Primary emotions are initial reactions; secondary emotions are responses to those reactions.
• How do individuals typically respond to emotional situations?


  Responses can vary greatly among individuals.
• What is a recommended response when experiencing heightened emotions?


  Recognizing the emotion helps in deciding how to respond.
• What is the consequence of not recognizing emotions?


  It leads to a lack of knowledge about important experiences.
• What percentage of adolescents experience a relatively happy youth according to Offer and Schonert-Reichl?


  80 to 85 percent.
• What characterizes the 15 to 20 percent of adolescents who experience difficulties?


  They face serious emotional or behavior problems.
• Why might adolescence be considered a time of heightened emotional stress?


  Conflicts with parents and risky behaviors increase during this time.
• What changes occur in the types of difficulties adolescents face compared to childhood?


  Adolescents may experience internalizing and externalizing behaviors.
• What emotional issues increase significantly in girls during adolescence?


  Depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
• What factors influence adolescent risk behavior according to Matějček and Čáp?


  Family environment, social status, and quality of relationships.
• How does pubertal maturation affect parent-adolescent relationships?


  It leads to a more egalitarian relationship with increased autonomy.
• What is the common belief about parent-adolescent conflict during maturation?


  It was believed to subside, but uncertainty remains.
• What factors can influence the risk behavior of adolescents?

  Emotional warmth, conflicts, and cohesiveness in the family
• What is a common focus of studies regarding adolescents?


  Parent-adolescent conflict
• How does pubertal maturation affect parent-adolescent relationships?


  It leads to a more egalitarian relationship with increased autonomy
• What happens to parent-adolescent conflict around the onset of puberty?


  Conflict, especially with mothers, increases
• What has changed in the understanding of parent-child conflict in later adolescence?


  There is less certainty that conflict declines as adolescents mature
• What factors contribute to an individual's ability to cope with stress during adolescence?


  Stress, cognitive immaturity, and lack of emotional bonding
• What did Wagner et al. (1995) find about adolescents with poor attitudes towards living?


  They reported significantly more stress related to parents and lack of adult support
• How does peer influence change during adolescence?


  It becomes more powerful than parental influence
• What can rejection from peers lead to in adolescents?


  Risky behavior such as alcohol use and drug use
• How do adolescents view friendships during this developmental stage?


  They see friends as different individuals rather than needing to be alike
• What is emotional regulation?


  It is an attempt to influence emotion
• What are the two forms of emotional regulation mentioned?

  Cognitive reappraisal and suppression
• What does cognitive reappraisal involve?


  Evaluating the situation before making a personal evaluation
• What is suppression in emotional regulation?


  Denial and masking of facial expressions to hide emotions