Q2

• JANSSEN BROTHERS

  • made in 1590
  • they are glass makers and not scientists
  • compound microscope
• ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK

  • simple microscope
  • single lens and enlarged to 270 x
  • father of microscopy
  • first to observe a living cell
• ROBERT HOOKE

  • compound microscope
  • first scientist to discover a cell
  • discovered tiny compartments in a thin slice of cork
  • coined the term "cell"
• illuminating parts - parts that provides light
• mirror - reflects light
• diaphragm - regulates light
• ocular/eyepiece - focuses light;where the observer peeks through
• objective - gathers light
• magnifying parts - parts that enlarges the specimen/object
• ocular lenses - adjusts 6x to 10x
• OBJECTIVE LENSES

  • LPO - low power objectives
  • HPO - high power objectives
  • OIO - oil immersion objectives
• Low power objectives - enlarges to 10x
• high power objectives - enlarges to 40x, 43x, 45x
• oil immersion objectives - enlarges to 100x
• mechanical parts - parts that support, adjust, connect and move other parts
• base - supports the entire weight
• body tube - connects the lenses of the objectives and the ocular
• arm - supports the body tube;the part where its held when carrying it
• stage - holds the slide
• stage clips - holds the slide firmly in place
• coarse adjustment screws - larger knob;moves body tube faster to focus on the specimen
• fine adjustment screws - smaller knob;used to get sharp focus on the specimen
• nosepiece - rotating discs that hold the different objectives and allows for the shifting from one objective to another
• identify the parts

  A) body tube

  B) nosepiece

  C) stage clips

  D) objective lenses

  E) stage

  F) diaphgram

  G) mirror

  H) ocular

  I) arm

  J) coarse focus

  K) fine focus

  L) base

  
• DNA/ Deoxyribonucleic acid

  • blueprint of life
  • located inside the nucleus
  • all of the instructions of your life
• cells - basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
• cells - smallest unit of life
• organelles - perform specific functions that make life possible
• prokaryotic - before nucleus
• eukaryotic - true nucleus
• pro - before

  eu - true

  karyo - nucleus
• examples of eukaryotic cells: plant cells and animal cells
• example of prokaryotic cells: bacterial cell
• ORGANELLES OF THE CELL

  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplast
  • lysosome
  • vacuole
• Cell Membrane

  • regulates the entrance and exit
  • composed of phospholipids
  • phospholipids combination of phosphate and lipid
  • the head is called phosphate and the tail is called lipids
  • the phosphate is hydrophilic and the lipids is hydrophobic
• Cell Wall

  • it gives shape to the cell
  • in plants, its made up of polysaccharide cellulose
  • in fungi, its made up of chitin
  • in bacteria, its made up of peptidoglycan
• Cytoplasm

  • the floor of the cell
  • it holds other organelles
  • outer cytoplasm - gel-like
  • inner cytoplasm - fluid
• nucleus

  • storehouse of genetic information in the form of DNA inside the cell
  • largest cell organelle
  • enclosed by the nuclear envelope
  • nuclear envelope - its special membrane
• nuclear pores - allows large molecules past between nucleus and cytoplasm
• nucleolus - dense region; manufactures ribosomes; synthesize RNA