amines

• What are amines produced from?


  Amines are produced when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced with an organic group.
• How are amines classified?


  Amines can be classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based on how many hydrogen atoms are replaced.
• What are the two main methods for producing amines?

  1. Nucleophilic Substitution

  • Reaction of halogenoalkane with ammonia

  1. Reduction of Nitriles

  • Hydrogenation of nitriles using LiAlH4 or hydrogen with Nickel
• What is produced when one mole of halogenoalkane reacts with two moles of ammonia?


  A primary amine and an ammonium salt are produced.
• What happens during the nucleophilic substitution reaction of amines?


  The reaction can continue until all hydrogen atoms are replaced with organic groups, leading to a quaternary ammonium salt.
• Why does the reaction of halogenoalkanes with ammonia have low efficiency?


  Because a mixture of products is produced due to multiple possible substitutions.
• How can you achieve only the primary amine in the reaction with halogenoalkanes?


  By adding ammonia in excess.
• What is required for the reduction of nitriles to produce amines?


  LiAlH4 as a reducing agent and acidic conditions, or hydrogen with Nickel for catalytic hydrogenation.
• How can aromatic amines be produced?


  From the reduction of nitrobenzene using concentrated hydrochloric acid and a tin catalyst.
• What are cationic surfactants and their properties?


  • Complexes with a positive and negative end
  • Good conditioners
  • Prevent static buildup on surfaces
  • Useful in industry
• Why are amines considered weak bases?


  Because the lone electron pair on the nitrogen atom can accept protons.
• What affects the base strength of amines?

  The availability of the lone electron pair on the molecule.
• How do benzene rings affect the basicity of amines?


  Benzene rings draw electron density away from the nitrogen, making it less available to accept protons.
• How do alkyl groups influence the basicity of amines?

  Alkyl groups push electron density towards the nitrogen, making it more available to accept protons.
• Compare the basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines.

  • Aliphatic amines are stronger bases.
  • Aromatic amines are weaker bases.
• How do amines act as nucleophiles?

  The lone electron pair on amines is attracted to ∂+ regions on other molecules.
• What can amines substitute on halogenoalkanes?

  Amines can substitute halides on halogenoalkanes to form primary, secondary, or tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts.
• What do amines produce when they undergo nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions with acyl chlorides?


  Amines produce amides and N-substituted amides.
• What can also react with amines to produce amides and carboxylic acids?

  Acid anhydrides can also react with amines.
• How are N-substituted amides named?


  • Treated similarly to esters.
  • Follow specific naming conventions based on the substituents.