organic analysis

• What reagent is used to identify primary and secondary alcohols?


  Acidified potassium dichromate
• What color change indicates the presence of primary or secondary alcohols when using acidified potassium dichromate?


  It turns from orange to green
• What happens to potassium dichromate when tertiary alcohols are present?


  It remains orange
• What reagent can be used to identify aldehydes?

  Tollen's reagent
• What is the result of adding Tollen's reagent to an aldehyde and warming it?


  A silver mirror will form in the test tube
• What happens when Fehling's solution is added to an aldehyde and heated?


  A brick red precipitate will form
• What color does Fehling's solution remain if no aldehyde is present?


  Blue
• What is used to test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  Bromine water
• What color change occurs when bromine water is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon?


  It changes from orange-brown to colorless
• How do carboxylic acids react with sodium carbonate?


  They produce CO₂
• What happens to limewater when CO₂ is bubbled through it?


  It turns cloudy
• What is the purpose of mass spectrometry?


  To identify compounds and determine their molecular formula
• What is the advantage of high-resolution mass spectrometry?


  It allows the Mr of a substance to be determined to several decimal places
• What does infrared spectroscopy use to determine functional groups?


  Infrared (IR) radiation
• How do different types of bonds respond to infrared radiation in spectroscopy?


  They absorb the radiation in different amounts
• What is produced from the measurements in infrared spectroscopy?


  A spectrum
• What is the characteristic peak range for the -OH alcohol group in IR spectroscopy?


  3230 - 3550 cm^-1
• What is the characteristic peak range for the -OH acid group in IR spectroscopy?


  2500 - 3000 cm^-1
• What is the characteristic peak range for the C=C unsaturated group in IR spectroscopy?


  1620 - 1680 cm^-1
• What is the characteristic peak range for the C=O carbonyl group in IR spectroscopy?


  1680 - 1750 cm^-1
• What is the fingerprint region in an IR spectrum?


  It contains tiny differences that act as a molecule's fingerprint
• How does infrared absorption contribute to global warming?


  It traps heat within the Earth's atmosphere
• What effect do CFCs have on global warming?


  They enhance the heating effect in the atmosphere