protein synthesis

• What is active transport?

  It is the movement of particles from a low concentration to a higher concentration, requiring energy.
• What are neurotransmitters?

  Chemicals released from axon terminals to carry impulses across synapses
• What are the two stages in protein synthesis?


  Transcription and translation
• What role does mRNA play in transcription?


  It reads the code on the DNA strand
• What is the first step of transcription?

  RNA polymerase binds to a region of non-coding DNA in front of a gene
• How does RNA polymerase create mRNA during transcription?


  It uses the coding DNA in the gene as a template
• What is the role of the ribosome in translation?


  It is the site of protein synthesis
• How are amino acids brought to the ribosome?


  By transfer RNA (tRNA)
• What are the key steps in transcription?


  1. RNA polymerase binds to non-coding DNA
  2. DNA strands separate
  3. RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA using the coding DNA as a template
  4. mRNA moves out of the nucleus to join a ribosome
• What are the key steps in translation?

  1. mRNA binds to a ribosome
  2. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome
  3. Codons in mRNA match with anticodons in tRNA
  4. Amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide (protein)
• How do transcription and translation differ in protein synthesis?


  • Transcription: DNA to mRNA
  • Translation: mRNA to protein
• What are the two key processes in protein synthesis?


  Transcription and translation
• What is transcription in the context of protein synthesis?


  It is the process of creating an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA.
• What are the steps involved in the process of transcription?


  1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.
  2. Elongation: DNA unzips, and RNA polymerase creates mRNA.
  3. Termination: RNA polymerase reaches a termination sequence.
• What occurs during the elongation phase of translation?


  tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome, matching anticodons to mRNA codons
• What are the two main steps of protein synthesis?


  • Transcription
  • Translation
• What happens to the DNA strands during transcription?


  The DNA strands separate to expose their bases
• What is the template strand in transcription?


  The DNA strand that is used to make mRNA
• What happens to the DNA after transcription is complete?

  The DNA strands close back up
• what is transcription


  the copying of a single gene of DNA, to mRNA
• where does transcription take place


  nucleus
• why does transcription take place?/why does a gene of DNA have to be copied to mRNA?


  DNA is too large to leave the nucleus
• how is mRNA different to DNA

  • mRNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded
  • mRNA is shorter than DNA
• where does the mRNA go when it leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm?


  ribosomes
• what is translation


  combination of amino acids to from a polypeptide
• function of ribosomes


  assemble proteins from amino acids
• polypeptide


  chain of amino acids
• What happens to double-stranded DNA during transcription?

  It is 'un-zipped' to form mRNA.
• What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

  It joins the mRNA template together.
• What is mRNA?

  It is a type of RNA that carries DNA code.
• How does mRNA differ from DNA in terms of base pairing?

  Base A pairs with U instead of T.
• Where does the mRNA template go after transcription?

  It leaves the nucleus.
• What is the function of the mRNA template during translation?

  It guides protein synthesis on ribosomes.
• What delivers specific amino acids during translation?

  tRNA delivers specific amino acids.
• What is formed during protein synthesis?

  A polypeptide chain is formed.
• What happens to the long protein chain after it is synthesized?

  It folds up, giving it a unique structure.
• Why is the unique structure of a protein essential?

  It determines the protein's function.
• What forms can proteins take based on their structure?

  Enzymes, hormones, or structural proteins.