Ger325 midterm

• What replaced the Holy Roman Empire after the Congress of Vienna in 1815?


  The German Confederation
• What was the structure of the German Federation from 1815 to 1866?


  A loose federation of 39 mostly German-speaking independent sovereign national states
• What were the remnants of Napoleonic occupation that the German Confederation took from Napoleon?


  A unified legal code, improved administration, emancipation of Jewish citizens, and creation of public schools and hospitals
• Which two regions experienced the greatest economic development during the German Confederation period?

  Prussia and Austria
• In which years were constitutions established in Bayern, Baden, Württemberg, and Hessen-Darmstadt?


  Bayern and Baden in 1818, Württemberg in 1819, and Hessen-Darmstadt in 1820
• When did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?


  In the late 18th century
• What were the key branches of industry during the Industrial Revolution?


  Steel works and textile mills
• What was the Ruhr Area known for during the Industrial Revolution?


  It was a contested region between France and Germany for natural resources
• How many large factories and workers were present in the Ruhr Area by 1846?


  300 large factories with 45,000 workers
• What innovations in transportation occurred during the Industrial Revolution?


  Expansion of canals and roads, and the introduction of steam boats
• What social change was caused by increased urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?


  People were allowed to leave rural areas
• What company was founded in 1846 in Jena, and what did it produce?


  Carl Zeiss, known for microscopes and optical instruments
• What did Siemens & Halske produce, and where was it founded?


  Electrical telegraphs, founded in Berlin/Frankfurt
• What was founded in 1847 and what was its purpose?


  Hapag, for international shipping
• What was the impact of the rural exodus during the Industrial Revolution?


  It led to overcrowded cities and a lack of housing
• Who was Heinrich Zille and what did he depict?


  A Berlin cartoonist who illustrated the new middle class
• What role did workers' unions and associations play during this period?


  They aimed to improve living conditions, wages, and culture
• Who authored the Communist Manifesto?

  Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• What was the Weaver's Revolt of 1844 about?


  It was a revolt against factories due to competition with machine production
• What were the main causes of the March Revolution in 1848?


  Censorship, establishment of universities, and military volunteers against Napoleon
• What significant event occurred in February 1848 in France?


  The abolition of the monarchy
• What were the outcomes of the March 1848 events in Berlin?


  300 civilians and 100 soldiers were casualties, with 700 injured
• What did the Prussian king do in response to the March Revolution?


  He made concessions and established the Prussian parliament
• What were the main discussions in the National Assembly (1848-1849)?


  • Should Germany be a constitutional monarchy or democracy?
  • Should Germany be a centralized nation-state or a confederation of independent states?
  • Should Austria be part of Germany?
• What was the outcome of the Prussian king's rejection of the National Assembly's delegation on March 28, 1849?


  It led to the end of the revolution and military dissolution of political gatherings
• Who was Otto von Bismarck and what was his role?


  He was the envoy of Prussia in the parliament of the German Confederation
• What did Bismarck mean by "Iron and blood"?


  It referred to his belief that war was necessary for unification
• What were the outcomes of the Deutsch-Dänischer Krieg in 1864?


  Victory against Denmark and annexation of territories
• What was the result of the Deutscher Krieg in 1866?


  It was a victory for Prussia at Königgrätz
• What was the significance of the Deutsch-Französischer Krieg in 1870/71?


  Germany became the second most powerful country, boosting its economy
• When was the German Empire proclaimed?


  January 18, 1871
• Who was the first emperor of the German Empire?


  Emperor Wilhelm I
• What was the voting age for men in the German Empire's first constitution?


  All men over 25
• What was the political power structure in the German Empire?


  The aristocracy retained political power while parliament had no decision-making power
• Who were the government leaders of the German Empire?

  Bismarck and Emperor Wilhelm I
• Why did Prussia have the strongest position in the German Empire?


  Due to its military strength and natural resources like iron and coal
• What were the main social classes in Imperial Germany?

  • Nobility/aristocracy
  • Middle class:
  • Bourgeoisie (factory owners)
  • Educated middle class (academics, physicians, lawyers)
  • Lower middle class (small business owners, artisans)
  • Farmers
  • Lower class (farm workers, skilled workers)
• What was the population of Germany in 1800 and what percentage was rural?

  23 million with 90% rural
• What was the population of Germany in 1900 and what percentage was rural?

  56 million with 45% rural
• What were Bismarck's social policies?


  • Social security (1881)
  • Retirement insurance (1889)
  • Health insurance (1883)