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Module 5
Excretion
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Aisha R
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Cards (63)
What is excretion?
Removal of
metabolic
waste products
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Why is excretion important for homeostasis?
It prevents tissue damage from
waste accumulation
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What does the liver break down amino acids into?
Urea
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What process involves the conversion of ammonia into urea?
The
ornithine cycle
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What is one function of the liver?
Detoxifies
the blood
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How does the liver detoxify the blood?
By breaking down
alcohol
, drugs, and
hormones
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What does the liver store?
Glycogen
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What is the role of bile produced by the liver?
Aids lipid digestion by
emulsifying
fats
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What is the first step in the ornithine cycle?
Deamination
of amino acids
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What happens to organic acids after deamination?
They are
respired
or stored as
glycogen
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Why is ammonia converted into urea?
Ammonia is
toxic
and needs to be neutralized
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Where is urea released after being formed in the liver?
Into the
bloodstream
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What is the function of the hepatic artery?
Delivers
oxygenated
blood to the liver
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What does the hepatic vein do?
Takes
deoxygenated
blood away from the liver
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What is the role of the hepatic portal vein?
Connects the
liver
to the
intestines
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What are liver lobules made up of?
Hepatocytes
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What are sinusoids in the liver?
Capillaries
connecting the
central vein
and vessels
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What do Kupffer cells do?
Break down old
red blood cells
and remove bacteria
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What are the two parts of the kidney?
Medulla
and
cortex
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How does blood flow to the kidneys?
Via the
renal artery
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What are the structures that filter blood in the kidneys called?
Nephrons
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What substances do kidneys remove from the blood?
Excess water, ions, and
urea
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What are the two processes involved in the removal of substances from the bloodstream?
Ultrafiltration
and
selective reabsorption
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What surrounds the glomerulus?
Bowman's capsule
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Why is blood pressure high in the glomerulus?
Due to the smaller diameter of the
efferent arteriole
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What is glomerular filtrate?
Substance formed from
small molecules
pushed out of blood
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What layers do small molecules pass through to enter the Bowman’s capsule?
Capillary endothelium
,
basement membrane
,
epithelium
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Where does selective reabsorption primarily occur?
In the
PCT
,
loop of Henle
, and
DCT
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How is glucose reabsorbed in the PCT?
By
active transport
and
facilitated diffusion
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What feature of the PCT epithelium aids reabsorption?
Microvilli
provide a large surface area
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How is water reabsorbed in the nephron?
By
osmosis
in various nephron parts
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What does the remaining filtrate become after reabsorption?
Urine
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What additional substances may be found in urine?
Hormones
,
excess
vitamins
, drug breakdown products
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Where does water reabsorption regulation primarily occur?
DCT
,
loop of Henle
, and
collecting duct
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What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
ADH
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How does ADH affect the collecting duct?
Increases
permeability
to allow more water
reabsorption
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What triggers the release of ADH?
Low water levels in blood
plasma
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What is the role of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
Detect drops in
blood water potential
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What happens when ADH is secreted?
More water is
reabsorbed
, producing
concentrated
urine
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What is kidney failure?
When
kidneys
stop filtering toxic substances
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