Revision

• What are the factors that affect the rate of reaction?

  Concentration, temperature, surface area, catalyst, and pressure
• How does high concentration of reactants affect the rate of reaction?


  It increases the rate because there are more particles available to collide
• What effect does increasing temperature have on the rate of reaction?


  It gives particles more energy, making them move faster and collide more often
• How does surface area influence the rate of reaction?


  Breaking a solid reactant into smaller pieces increases the surface area for collisions
• What is a catalyst?


  A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed
• How does pressure affect the rate of reaction involving gases?


  Increasing pressure reduces volume and forces gas molecules closer, increasing the rate
• What is an example of a slow rate of reaction?


  The rusting of iron
• What is an example of a fast rate of reaction?


  An explosion
• What does collision theory state about the rate of reaction?


  The rate depends on how often and how hard the reacting particles collide
• How does temperature affect particle collisions according to collision theory?


  Higher temperature means particles move quicker and collide more often
• How does concentration affect collisions in a solution?


  A more concentrated solution has more reactant particles, increasing collision likelihood
• What happens to gas particles when pressure is increased?


  Particles are squeezed together, leading to more frequent collisions
• How does breaking a solid reactant into smaller pieces affect the reaction rate?


  It increases the total surface area, allowing for more frequent collisions
• What is an atom?


  The smallest particle of an element
• What is a molecule?


  A molecule is one or more atoms
• What defines an element?


  An element is made up of one type of atom
• What is a compound?


  A compound is when one or more atoms are chemically mixed together
• What is a mixture?


  A mixture is when one or more atoms are mixed together
• What is a period in the periodic table?


  A period is a horizontal row of the periodic table
• What is a group in the periodic table?


  A group is a number of things together, typically a vertical column
• What is the atomic number?


  The atomic number is the number of protons
• What is the mass number?


  The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons
• What is an isotope?


  An isotope is an atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
• What are protons?


  Protons are particles with a positive electric charge
• What are electrons?


  Electrons are particles with a negative charge
• What are neutrons?


  Neutrons are particles with a neutral (0) charge
• What is the nucleus of an atom?


  The nucleus is the positive charge in the middle of an atom
• What is a shell in atomic structure?


  A shell is a grouping of electrons around an atom
• What is an ion?


  An ion is an atom that has lost or gained an electron
• What is the bond type for Cl₂?


  Covalent
• What is the bond type for H₂O?


  Covalent
• What is the bond type for NaCl?


  Ionic
• What is the bond type for HCl?


  Covalent
• What is the bond type for N₂?


  Covalent
• What is the bond type for NH₃?


  Covalent
• How are carbon atoms held together in graphite?


  They are held together by bonds.
• How many bonds does each carbon atom have in graphite?


  Each carbon atom has 3 bonds in graphite.
• What types of bonds are mentioned in the study material?

  • Metallic bonds (metals)
  • Covalent bonds (non-metals)
  • Ionic bonds (metal and non-metal)