Long-Term Memory types

• What are the three types of long-term memory?

  Episodic, semantic, and procedural
• What does episodic memory describe?


  Memories with personal meaning, including details of when and how events occurred
• Give an example of episodic memory.


  The memory of a wedding or the first time meeting a partner
• What do semantic memories describe?


  Memories of the world and associated knowledge, such as meanings of words and concepts
• How can semantic memories help us understand other concepts?


  By using information related to one concept to aid understanding of another
• What do procedural memories describe?


  Memories of learned skills, such as swimming or driving
• How do episodic and semantic memories differ from procedural memories in terms of recall?


  Episodic and semantic memories are recalled consciously, while procedural memories are recalled unconsciously
• What did Petersen et al. demonstrate about the recall of semantic and episodic memories?


  Semantic memories are recalled from the left prefrontal cortex, while episodic memories are recalled from the right prefrontal cortex
• What does the distinction made by Petersen et al. support regarding long-term memory?


  It supports the idea that there are different types of long-term memory with different neurological bases
• What practical application is noted by Belleville et al. regarding episodic memory?


  Understanding episodic memory may lead to improved treatments for mild cognitive impairments
• What type of memory is most commonly affected by mild cognitive impairments?

  Episodic memories
• How do Cohen and Squire classify memories?


  They distinguish between declarative (conscious recall) and non-declarative (unconscious recall) memories
• How does Cohen and Squire's classification differ from Tulving's?


  Cohen and Squire's classification suggests a different organization system than Tulving's depiction of long-term memory
• What do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing illustrate about long-term memory?


  They show that one type of long-term memory can be impaired while others remain unaffected
• What abilities did Clive Wearing retain despite his episodic memory impairment?


  He could skillfully play the piano and understand the concept of music
• What does the ability of Clive Wearing to play the piano suggest about long-term memory?


  It supports the idea that different areas of the brain are involved in different types of long-term memory
• What are the key characteristics of episodic, semantic, and procedural memories?

  • Episodic: Personal meaning, details of events
  • Semantic: Knowledge of the world, meanings of concepts
  • Procedural: Learned skills, unconscious recall
• What are the implications of differentiating between types of long-term memory?


  • Supports targeted treatments for cognitive impairments
  • Highlights different neurological bases for memory types
  • Aids in understanding memory disorders