Cultural Variations in attachment

• What percentage of securely attached children was found in the USA according to Van Izjendoorn's study?

  65%
• How many studies were conducted in the UK for the attachment types analysis?


  1 study
• What percentage of securely attached children was found in Germany?


  57%
• What percentage of resistant attachment was observed in Japan?


  27%
• What did Van Izjendoorn and Kronenberg (1988) conduct a meta-analysis on?


  Patterns of attachment across a variety of cultures
• What was the proportion of securely attached children in Italy according to Simonella et al's findings?


  50%
• What reason did researchers suggest for the lower proportion of securely attached children in Italy?


  Changing cultural and social expectations of mothers
• What did Jin et al (2012) find regarding insecure attachment in Korean infants?


  The majority were classed as insecure resistant
• How do the attachment patterns in Korean infants compare to those in Japan?


  They show similarities in child-rearing practices
• What is a potential limitation of the study conducted by Van Izjendoorn and Kronenberg?


  It may lack ecological validity
• What did Sagi and van Izjendoorn find regarding attachment patterns in rural versus urban areas?


  Rural areas had an overrepresentation of insecure-resistant individuals
• What criticism is leveled against the Strange Situation regarding its sample?


  It was biased as it only used American children
• What is an example of imposed etic in the context of the Strange Situation?


  Ainsworth assumed attachment stages could be universally applied
• Why can the findings of Van Izjendoorn and Kronenberg be considered reliable?


  They used significantly large samples of 1990 children
• How does a large sample size increase the validity of a study's conclusions?


  It decreases the likelihood that results are due to chance
• What are the main findings of Van Izjendoorn and Kronenberg's meta-analysis regarding attachment types across cultures?


  • USA: 65% secure, 21% avoidant, 14% resistant
  • UK: 75% secure, 22% avoidant, 3% resistant
  • Holland: 67% secure, 26% avoidant, 7% resistant
  • Germany: 57% secure, 35% avoidant, 8% resistant
  • Japan: 68% secure, 5% avoidant, 27% resistant
  • China: 50% secure, 25% avoidant, 25% resistant
  • Israel: 64% secure, 7% avoidant, 29% resistant
  • Sweden: 74% secure, 22% avoidant, 4% resistant
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Strange Situation in measuring attachment?


  Strengths:

  • Widely used and recognized method
  • Provides clear classifications of attachment styles

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Culture-bound and biased sample
  • May not account for cultural variations within countries
  • Assumes universality of attachment stages