Nigeria

• Location and climate - Nigeria

  Borders:

  • Atlantic Ocean
  • South of Niger
  • Just North of the Equator

  Northern Climate:

  • Semi-arid desert

  Southern Climate:

  • Hot and wet most of the year
  • Tropical rainforest
• Global importance of Nigeria

  2014 - Highest GDP in Africa, $ 550 billion

  Produces 3% of world oil

  12th largest oil producer in the world

  Lagos is the fastest growing city in the world, with 85 born per hour
• Nigeria's importance in Africa

  • 'Giant of Africa'
  • Largest population in Africa, 7th largest in the world - 200 million. 3x size of UK.
  • 70% of Nigeria employed in agriculture - highest farming output in Arica
  • Subsistence farming and agriculture - over 19 million cattle, largest in Africa
• Political Context of Nigeria

  • Gained independence in 1960
  • 1967 - 1970: Power struggles, dictatorship, civil war
  • Since 1999 - Stable government

  China: Major investments in construction in the capital city

  South Africa: Investments in businesses and banking

  American companies: General Electric investing in new power plants

  American corporations: Walmart and Microsoft operate in Nigeria, TNCs
• Social Context of Nigeria

  • Ethnic groups and percentages: Yoruba (21%), Igbo (18%), Hausa and the Fulani (29%)
  • Main Religions: Islam in the North, Christianity in the South
  • Impacts of recent inequality: Religious and ethnic tensions, rise of Boko Haram (Islam Fundamentalist group), leading to a lack of investment, creating mass unemployment in the North
  • Children attending school: Rural - 36%, Urban - 60%
• Cultural Context of Nigeria

  • Nigerian music artist - Fela Kuti
  • Nigerian Cinema - Nollywood - 2cnd largest film industry globally
  • Sporting - Won African Cup of Nations 3 times
• Environmental Context of Nigeria:

  North - Semi-arid desert

  South - High temperature and annual rainfall - swampy

  Jos Plateau - Wetter and cooler than surrounding savanna
• Economical importance of Nigeria

  • World's 21st largest economy
  • By 2050, predicted Nigeria will be in the world's top 20 economies
  • Supplies 2.7% of world oil
  • 12th largest producer of oil
  • High proportion of educated, young people
  • Highest GDP in Africa
  • Centre of Lagos is a thriving economical hub
  • 70% are employed in agriculture
• Environmental importance of Nigeria

  • Over 19 million cattle, largest in Africa
  • Most farmers are subsistence farming, growing food crops or keeping livestock
• Political/Social importance of Nigeria

  • Population of 200 million - largest in Africa
  • 5th largest contributor to UN Peacekeeping missions globally
  • Growth is a potential model for other African Countries to use to develop economically
• Why does Nigeria receive aid?

  • One of highest death rates from Malaria in the world due to corruption meaning they have poor infrastructure and lots of stagnant water
  • Only 42% of 1-2 year olds are immunised against Measles
  • 1/3 of Nigerians live below the poverty line
  • Only 44% attend secondary school -> low literacy rate
  • 10% infant mortality rate
• What aid does Nigeria receive?

  • Only receives 4% of aid given to African countries
  • In 2013, aid represented 0.5% of GNI
  • Most came from individua countries e.g. UK and USA
  • Some came from organisations e.g. World Bank
• What prevents aid from being used effectively?

  • Corrupt government
  • Donors may have political influence of what their money is spent on
  • Money used to promote the commercial self-interest of the donor
  • Government diverts money for other purposes e.g. the navy
• What is the impact of aid in Nigeria?

  • 2014 - World Bank approved 500 million to fund development and provide long term businesses, reducing over dependence on oil exports
  • USA funded community care project provides support packages for orphans and vulnerable children
  • UK department for international development funded a health and HIV programme, providing health education in rural areas

  Brought many benefits to those living in poverty. Bottom-up development is most successful in Nigeria, as all aid is spent on projects, and no money gets wasted or diverted.
• Refugees in Nigeria

  • 2 million are internally displaced in North Nigeria due to conflict groups and malnourishment
  • 9 million are food insecure
  • 2 million malnourished children under 5 years old. Many die to malnutrition, diarrhoea, or malaria.
  • 361,000 deaths of children under 5 could have be prevented annually by better water and hygiene.
• Change in economy

  From 1991-2020:

  • Services increased from 32% to 50%
  • Industry increased from 10% to 27%, almost trippled
  • Agriculture decreased from 57% to 23%
• What is a MINT economy?


  MINT economies refer to the emerging economies of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey, some of the most rapidly growing economies globally
• Why has the tertiary sector grown so rapidly in Nigeria?

  • Rapid advances in technology
  • Growing film industries
  • Informal industries have become formalized
• How is technology developing Nigeria's economy?


  • Lead to a decline in the % of population employed in agriculture
  • Rapid advances in telecoummincations
  • Drives economy rather than oil production
• How is the population developing Nigeria's economy?

  • Many speak english, causing growth of telecommunications
• What are Nigeria's main sources of income?


  • Used to be primary sector
  • Oil discovered in the Niger Delta
  • Now oil and telecommunications
• How important is oil to Nigeria?

  • Provides 14% of GDP
  • 98% of exports
• Advantages and Disadvantages of oil extraction for the economy

  • Pro: Helped transition the country from a LIC to an NEE, Provides jobs
  • Vulnerable to worldwide fluctuation of oil prices, finite resource
• How does manufacturing impact the economy?

  Industrial sector attracts FDI from TNCs e.g. Shell
• How does manufacturing impact the standard of living and quality of life?


  • More cement, meaning buildings are safer as they are built from better materials
  • Regular paid work, leading to a positive multiplier effect
• How has Nigeria's political and trading relationships change?


  • Used to be linked to Britain due to slave trade
  • Since 1960, the country has been independent
  • Nigeria mainly exports oil, gas, rubber, cocoa, ad cotton
  • Nigeria mainly imports phones due to their growing population
  • Nigeria is a member of OPEC which aims to stabilise oil prices
• What is emergency/ short term aid?


  Given after a disaster e.g. flash floods or drought
• What is long term / development aid?


  Provides local communities with education and skills for sustainable development
• How has the sector of jobs in Nigeria changed over time?


  • Primary sector has fallen, less agriculture, as oil production has increased
  • This increases secondary sector work in industry, which has better pay
  • This also increases tertiary sector work in telecommunication and cinema as locals have more disposable income to spend on services
• How is China aiding Nigeria?


  • 2014 - China invested $12 billion for a railway along the coast of Nigeria for trading and transport to and from port access so it can guide Nigeria
  • China gets easier access to resources, as they don't have enough due to their population being too high
  • China is exploiting Nigeria
• What is a transnational corporation (TNC)


  A company that has operations, factories, offices, and research in more than one country
• Why do TNCs choose to operate in LICs and NEEs?

  • Cheap labour and environmental costs
  • Exploitation of labour
  • Exploitation of the environment e.g. natural resources
• How do TNCs invest in development in LICs and NEEs?


  • They open factories and roads so their products can get transported quicker and more efficiently. Developing nations benefit from better infrastructure.
  • The construction of dams to provide elcetricity.
  • Improvements to harbours and ports.
  • Development of new industries.

  Any positive impact on the economy reduces poverty -> improving education -> improving literacy rates -> improving GNI -> positive multiplier effect
• Which region of Nigeria is home to the oil and gas industry?


  • Niger Delta
  • South West Nigeria - a tropical, swampy marsh, wetland area
• What percentage of Nigeria's oil production can be attributed to Shell?


  21%
• What TNCs operate in Nigeria?

  • Shell
  • Nestle
  • Voltswagen
• Describe the distribution of where Shell operates within Nigeria


  Shell mainly operates in the Niger Delta and around South West Nigeria, where there is swampy marshlands, tropical rainforests, and a humid and hot climate, where it is coastal, so there is ease of trade.
• What tensions and environmental issues has oil created?


  • Oil theft and sabotage are massive problems, reducing production and costing billions annually
  • Oil pollution
  • Oil heated by the sun becomes highly flammable
  • Oil spills have caused water pollution and soil degradation
  • Oil flares
  • Oil spills from leaking pipelines damage farmland so crops no longer grow
• What are the advantages of oil?


  • The managers of Shell bring knowledge and expertise to Nigeria
  • Shell has invested huge amounts of money and expertise
  • Shell has supported the growth of Nigeria's enegry sector through investment
  • The extraction of oil makes major contributions to taxes and export revenue
  • Shell provides direct employment for 6,500 Nigerians and 250,000 indirectly
  • Shell gives 90% of its contracts to Nigerian workers
• Advantages of TNCs


  • Large companies provide employment and skills trainings
  • Companies often invest in the local area, improving infrastructure and services
  • The government benefits from export taxes (multiplier effect)
  • Modern technology is funded and introduced
  • Local companies may be hired to cater for or aid TNCs
  • TNCs have many international business links, helping industry to thrive