Absolutism and Constitutionalism

• What was the Little Ice Age?


  A temporary global cooling period
• How did the Little Ice Age affect food production?


  It shrank growing seasons, leading to decreased food supply
• What economic crisis was associated with the Little Ice Age?


  A multi-generation depression that lasted about 50 years
• What was the outcome of the price revolution during this period?


  It came to an end
• How did the Holy Roman Empire's structure contribute to the Thirty Years' War?


  Decentralization and the rise of Calvinism created tensions
• What was the failure of Augsburg?


  Augsburg was too limited
• What were German liberties in the context of the Thirty Years' War?


  Constitutional rights allowing individual rulers to choose their religion
• What was the significance of Calvinism in the conflict?


  Calvinists risked losing everything if they fought
• What were the two main alliances in the Holy Roman Empire?

  The Protestant Union and the Catholic League
• Who led the Protestant Union?


  Frederick IV
• What was Duke Maximilian's role in the Catholic League?


  He was the leader of the Catholic League
• How did dynastic rivalries contribute to the Thirty Years' War?


  They extended a German civil war into a general European War
• Which dynasties were involved in the Thirty Years' War?

  Bourbon and Habsburg
• Who was Henry IV in the context of the Bourbon dynasty?


  He was a key leader of the Bourbon dynasty
• What was the immediate cause of the conflict in the Bohemian Phase?

  The Defenestration of Prague
• What was the outcome of the Battle of White Mountain?


  The Protestant Union was destroyed
• What did Ferdinand gain as a result of the Bohemian Phase?


  A large amount of land
• What was Christian IV's role in the Danish Phase?


  He used Danish forces to check Ferdinand II's power
• What was the outcome of the Danish forces in the Danish Phase?


  The Danish forces were destroyed
• How did the Edict of Restitution change the conflict?


  It restored all lost Catholic lands since 1618
• What was Gustavus Adolphus's contribution to the conflict?

  He transformed Sweden into a great Baltic power and made an alliance with German Protestants to defeat the Habsburg
• What military innovations did Gustavus Adolphus introduce?


  Guns and cannons
• What was the significance of the Battle of Lützen?


  The Swedish King was killed, making German forces permanently Protestant
• What was the outcome of the Battle of Nordlingen?


  The imperial army defeated the Swedes and South Germany became permanently Catholic
• How did the Peace of Prague affect the German civil war?


  It solved the religious questions of the German Reformation
• What role did Cardinal Richelieu play in the Franco-Swedish Phase?


  He ordered French forces to weaken the Habsburgs
• What was the outcome of the Battle of Rocroi?


  The French Army destroyed the Spanish Army, France became the dom force in England, and the habsburg we’re so weak they sued for peace
• What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?


  It solved the religious and political questions of the Reformation Era
• How did the Peace of Westphalia affect German political and religious questions?


  German states could determine their own foreign policy
• What were the consequences of the sixteenth-century dynastic rivalry?


  Austrian Habsburg losses and French Bourbon gains
• How did the Peace of Westphalia reflect the secular trends of the age?


  The Pope had no power in the new political landscape
• What was the outcome for the Dutch Republic after the Thirty Years' War?


  It gained independence
• What year was the Peace of Westphalia?


  1648
• What does Defenestration mean?


  to throw out
• What is a Balance of Power War?


  1 country/dynasty gets to powerful so all the other countries/dynasties gang up on them
• Why did Ferdinand make the Edict of Restitution?


  he thought he was unstoppable because of god