Individual

• What are ionic compounds formed from?

  Ionic compounds are formed from the transfer of outer electrons from metal atoms to non-metal atoms.
• What happens when metal atoms transfer their outer electrons to non-metal atoms?

  This forms oppositely charged ions that create strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
• What is the result of the strong electrostatic forces of attraction in ionic compounds?

  It creates an ionic lattice structure.
• What is an ionic lattice?

  • A structure formed by oppositely charged ions
  • Characterized by strong electrostatic forces of attraction
  • Extends in all directions
• What is the empirical formula used for in ionic compounds?

  The empirical formula displays the smallest ratio of elements to each other in giant ionic lattices.
• Why do we use the empirical formula for ionic compounds?

  We use it to represent sections of giant ionic lattices in the simplest ratio.
• What does the particle model represent?


  The particle model represents the three states of matter.
• What is a disadvantage of the particle model regarding forces between particles?


  Forces between particles aren't shown, making it impossible to calculate activation energy to overcome these forces.
• How does the particle model simplify the representation of particle collisions?


  The model suggests that collisions are simple, but particles aren't spherical balls.
• What is a limitation of the particle model regarding the nature of particles?


  Particles aren't solid and can't bounce off each other as the model suggests.
• What are the main disadvantages of the particle model?

  • Forces between particles aren't shown
  • Activation energy can't be calculated to overcome these forces
  • Particles aren't spherical balls, leading to oversimplified collision representation
  • Particles aren't solid and can't bounce off each other
• What are intermolecular forces?


  Forces holding together different molecules
• What do intramolecular forces do?


  They hold different elements within a molecule
• Why do small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points?


  Because they are held together by weak intermolecular forces
• What are polymers?


  Large, chain-like molecules that can extend for thousands of atoms
• What types of forces hold polymers together?


  Strong covalent bonds between atoms and weak intermolecular forces between molecules
• Why are polymers often solid at room temperature?


  Because the many weak intermolecular forces can add up to be quite strong
• Why do many polymers melt easily?


  Because intermolecular forces are weaker than chemical bonds
• What are the four allotropes of carbon mentioned?

  Diamond, Graphite, Graphene, Fullerenes
• What is a key property of diamond?

  High melting point due to strong covalent bonds
• Why does diamond not conduct electricity?


  Because there are no delocalised electrons
• Why is diamond hard?


  Because of the many strong covalent bonds
• What is a key property of graphite?

  It conducts electricity due to delocalised electrons
• Why is graphite soft?


  Because carbon atoms form layers with weak intermolecular forces
• What is graphene?


  Graphite with only one layer, one atom thick
• What are the properties of graphene?


  Conducts electricity, strong, and light
• What are the uses of graphene?


  In electronics and composite materials
• What are fullerenes?


  Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes
• What is a spherical fullerene?

  Carbon atoms arranged in a hollow shape, like Buckminsterfullerene (C60)
• What are some uses of spherical fullerenes?


  As catalysts, lubricants, and for drug delivery
• What are cylindrical fullerenes?

  Carbon nanotubes that are long and thin
• Why are carbon nanotubes called molecular wires?


  Because they have a tiny diameter but can be very long
• What are the properties of carbon nanotubes?


  Strong due to many carbon double covalent bonds
• What are some uses of cylindrical fullerenes?


  In electronics, nanotechnology, and strengthening materials
• What is the size range of nanoparticles?

  1. 100 nm in diameter
• Why is the high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles significant?

  It makes them very useful for various applications
• What are some applications of nanoparticles due to their properties?

  • Catalysts: Require less material due to enlarged surface area
  • Electric circuits: Some can conduct electricity for smaller circuits
  • Nanomedicine: Fullerenes assist in drug delivery to specific cells
  • Antibacterial properties: Silver nanoparticles are used in medical face masks
• What is one application of nanoparticles in catalysis?

  They require less nanomaterial than larger catalysts
• How do nanoparticles contribute to the development of electric circuits?

  Some nanoparticles can conduct electricity, allowing for smaller circuits
• What role do fullerenes play in nanomedicine?

  They help with drug delivery to specific cells in the body