AP world unit 3

• What time period does Unit 3 of AP World History cover?


  1450 to 1750
• What is a land-based Empire?


  An Empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings
• What is the big idea regarding land-based Empires from 1450 to 1750?


  They were expanding significantly during this period
• What are the four land-based Empires introduced in this unit?

  • Ottoman Empire
  • Safavid Empire
  • Mughal Empire
  • Qing Dynasty (Manchu Empire)
• When was the Ottoman Empire founded?


  In the 14th century
• What was a key factor in the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire?


  The adoption of gunpowder weapons
• What significant event occurred in 1453 regarding the Ottoman Empire?


  The conquest of Constantinople
• Why was the conquest of Constantinople significant?


  It was the heart of the Roman Empire and opened the door for further expansion
• What elite fighting force did the Ottomans create from enslaved Christians?

  Janissaries
• What was the Safavid Empire's founding period?


  Beginning of the 16th century
• Who was the leader that helped the Safavid Empire expand rapidly?


  Shah Ismail
• What was a significant difference between the Ottomans and Safavids?


  The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while the Safavids were Shia Muslims
• What was the Mughal Empire's establishment year?


  First half of the 16th century
• Who led the Mughal Empire to power in 1526?

  Babur
• What was Akbar known for during his rule over the Mughal Empire?


  His tolerance of various belief systems
• What was the Ching Dynasty also known as?


  Manchu Empire
• What led to the establishment of the Ching Dynasty?


  The weakening of the Ming Dynasty
• What are the similarities and differences between the four land-based Empires discussed?


  Similarities:

  • All were land-based
  • All expanded rapidly
  • All used gunpowder for expansion

  
  

  Differences:

  • Ethnic backgrounds varied (Mughal and Qing were different from their subjects)
  • Religious differences: Ottomans (Sunni) vs. Safavids (Shia)
• What was a significant conflict between the Safavid and Mughal Empires?


  The Safavid-Mughal conflict over territory in Afghanistan
• What was a key method for rulers to legitimize their power in land-based Empires?


  The formation of large bureaucracies
• What does the term 'bureaucracy' refer to in the context of land-based Empires?


  A system of government officials ensuring laws are kept throughout the Empire
• How did the Ottomans staff their bureaucracy?

  Through the devshirme system
• What was the purpose of the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?


  To staff the bureaucracy with highly trained individuals
• What is the role of bureaucracy in an empire?


  Bureaucracy ensures laws are enforced throughout the empire.
• How did the Ottomans staff their bureaucracy?

  They used the devshirme system to recruit and train individuals.
• What was the purpose of the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?


  It educated and trained Christian converts for elite positions.
• What was one way rulers maintained control over their empires?

  By developing military professionals like the Janissaries.
• What are the three related items rulers used to administer their empires?


  • Religious ideas
  • Art
  • Monumental architecture
• What belief legitimized the authority of European monarchs during this period?


  The divine right of kings.
• How did Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty legitimize his power?


  By displaying imperial portraits that suggested wisdom and legitimacy.
• What was the significance of the Sun Temple of Cusco for the Inca rulers?


  It was a monumental structure that legitimized their power.
• How did Louis XIV use the Palace of Versailles to consolidate power?


  By requiring the nobility to live there and compete for his attention.
• What innovations in tax collection systems did rulers implement?

  1. Zamindar system in the Mughal Empire
  2. Tax farming system in the Ottoman Empire
  3. Tribute lists in the Aztec Empire
• What was the zamindar system in the Mughal Empire?


  It allowed elite landowners to tax peasants on behalf of the government.
• How did the Ottoman tax farming system work?


  It awarded the right to tax to the highest bidder.
• What was the purpose of tribute lists in the Aztec Empire?


  To ensure a steady flow of goods from conquered regions.
• What was a significant issue faced by the Roman Catholic Church by this period?

  The church was plagued with corruption, including simony.
• Who was Martin Luther and what did he do in 1517?


  He was a monk who nailed the 95 Theses to a church door.
• What was the outcome of Martin Luther's actions?


  It led to the Protestant Reformation and a split in the church.
• How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?


  They initiated their own Reformation at the Council of Trent.