cell structure

• What are cells considered in biological terms?


  Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
• What is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently?


  A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently.
• How do bacterial cells reproduce compared to animal and plant cells?


  Bacterial cells reproduce by dividing into two, creating a whole new organism.
• What does it mean for animals and plants to be multicellular?


  It means they contain many cells that work together.
• How many types of cells are estimated to be in an adult human?


  An adult human contains over 40 trillion cells.
• What are the main subcellular structures found in both animal and plant cells?


  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What is the function of the cell membrane?


  The cell membrane controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell.
• What does the nucleus contain?


  The nucleus contains the genetic material or DNA of the cell.
• What is cytoplasm and its role in the cell?

  Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place and subcellular structures are suspended.
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?


  Mitochondria provide energy to the cell through aerobic respiration.
• What process do mitochondria use to release energy?


  Mitochondria use aerobic respiration to release energy.
• What are ribosomes responsible for?


  Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
• What additional structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

  • Rigid cell wall made of cellulose
  • Permanent vacuole containing cell sap
  • Chloroplasts for photosynthesis
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?


  The cell wall provides support and structure to the cell.
• What is contained in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?


  The permanent vacuole contains cell sap, a mixture of sugars, salts, and water.
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?


  Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs.
• What substance in chloroplasts absorbs light energy for photosynthesis?


  Chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
• What are the characteristics of bacterial cells?

  • Prokaryotic and unicellular
  • Have a cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
  • Lack mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • Genetic material is a single circular strand of DNA
• What do bacterial cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells?


  Bacterial cells lack mitochondria and chloroplasts.
• How is the genetic material organized in bacterial cells?


  Bacterial cells have a single circular strand of DNA that floats in the cytoplasm.
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?


  Plasmids are small rings of DNA that carry extra genes.
• What is the function of flagella in some bacterial cells?


  Flagella allow bacteria to move by rotating and propelling the cell.
• How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of structure?


  Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.
• What is the significance of the circular chromosome in bacterial cells?


  The circular chromosome contains all the genes necessary for survival and reproduction.
• What is the consistency of cytoplasm compared to?


  The consistency of cytoplasm is closer to jelly.
• What happens to a plant cell if too much water enters it?


  If too much water enters a plant cell, it could burst without the support of the cell wall.
• What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?


  Chlorophyll absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis.
• How do the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts differ in cells?


  Mitochondria produce energy through respiration, while chloroplasts produce sugars through photosynthesis.
• What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?


  The primary function of the cell wall is to provide structural support.
• What is the main component of the plant cell wall?

  The main component of the plant cell wall is cellulose.
• What is the significance of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?


  The permanent vacuole stores cell sap, which is important for maintaining cell turgor and storing nutrients.
• How do ribosomes contribute to cell function?

  Ribosomes synthesize proteins, which are essential for cell function.
• What are the implications of bacteria having plasmids for antibiotic resistance?


  Plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, allowing bacteria to survive in hostile environments.
• What is the role of the cell membrane in both plant and animal cells?


  The cell membrane regulates the entry and exit of substances in both plant and animal cells.
• What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?


  The primary function of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis.
• How do the structures of animal and plant cells differ?

  Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole, while animal cells do not.
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?


  Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.
• What is the significance of the circular chromosome in bacterial cells?


  The circular chromosome contains essential genes for survival and reproduction.
• What is the function of flagella in bacteria?


  Flagella enable bacteria to move by rotating and propelling the cell.
• How does the structure of bacterial cells support their function as unicellular organisms?


  The simple structure of bacterial cells allows them to efficiently carry out all necessary life processes within a single cell.