#3 MORE AP Bio Unit 2 EXAM

• What is the structural pattern of cilia and flagella?


  Both have a "9 + 2" pattern of microtubules.
• What role do dynein arms play in cilia and flagella?


  Dynein arms are motor proteins that enable movement.
• What is the primary function of cilia?


  Cilia move fluid over the cell surface or propel single-celled organisms.
• What is the primary function of flagella?


  Flagella propel cells through liquids with a whip-like motion.
• What are microfilaments composed of?


  Microfilaments are composed of two intertwined strands of actin.
• What is the function of microtubules?


  Microtubules aid in cell structure and movement.
• What do intermediate filaments provide for the cell?


  Intermediate filaments provide structural support and maintain organelle positions.
• What is the composition of the phospholipid bilayer?


  The phospholipid bilayer is composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
• How does the phospholipid bilayer function in the cell membrane?


  It selectively allows substances to pass based on their size, charge, and polarity.
• What are integral proteins?


  Integral proteins are embedded in the membrane, interacting with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
• What are peripheral proteins?


  Peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the membrane surface.
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plants?


  The cell wall is composed of cellulose.
• What is the function of the cell wall?


  The cell wall provides rigidity, maintains cell shape, and prevents excessive water uptake.
• What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?


  The ECM is a network of glycoproteins providing structural support and facilitating signal transmission.
• What is the function of tight junctions?


  Tight junctions prevent leakage of extracellular fluid.
• What do desmosomes do?


  Desmosomes provide mechanical adhesion between cells.
• What is the function of gap junctions?


  Gap junctions allow communication and the passage of ions/small molecules between adjacent cells.
• What are plasmodesmata?


  Plasmodesmata are channels in plant cells allowing movement between cells, similar to gap junctions.
• What is the function of the prokaryotic cell wall?


  The prokaryotic cell wall provides structural support.
• What regulates the movement of substances in prokaryotic cells?


  The plasma membrane regulates movement of substances.
• What is the cytoplasm?


  The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where reactions occur.
• What is the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?


  The nucleoid contains the cell’s DNA.
• What are ribosomes responsible for?


  Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis.
• What is the function of flagella and pili in prokaryotic cells?


  Flagella and pili are involved in movement and attachment.
• What is the role of the capsule in prokaryotic cells?


  The capsule is an outer protective layer aiding in adhesion.
• How does surface area-to-volume ratio affect cells?


  A higher surface area-to-volume ratio makes smaller cells more efficient in material exchange.
• What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?


  The nucleus contains DNA and controls cell functions.
• What is the role of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?


  Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?


  The two types are rough ER (protein synthesis) and smooth ER (lipid synthesis and detoxification).
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?


  The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
• What do lysosomes contain?


  Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes responsible for digesting macromolecules.
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?


  Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration.
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?


  Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.
• What do peroxisomes contain?

  Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in oxidative reactions.
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?


  The cytoskeleton provides structural support, shape, and motility to the cell.
• What is the plasma membrane's role?


  The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• What does the fluid mosaic model describe?


  The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid structure with a mosaic of proteins.
• What is osmosis?


  Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
• What does tonicity describe?

  Tonicity describes the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
• What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?


  A hypertonic solution causes a cell to lose water.