Introduction to organic chemistry

• What is the empirical formula?

  The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
• What does the molecular formula represent?

  The true number of atoms of each element in a compound.
• What is a general formula in organic chemistry?

  It is a formula that all members of a homologous organic series follow.
• What does a structural formula show?

  The structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule.
• What is a displayed formula?

  It shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound.
• What is a skeletal formula?

  It shows only the bonds in a compound and any non-carbon atoms, with vertices as carbon atoms.
• How do members of a homologous series differ?

  Each consecutive member differs by CH₂.
• What happens to boiling points as chain length increases in a homologous series?

  There is an increase in boiling points as chain length increases.
• What do reaction mechanisms show?

  The movement of electrons within a reaction, shown with curly arrows.

  
• What are isomers?

  Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms.
• What are structural isomers?

  Isomers that have a different structural arrangement of atoms.
• What are position isomers?

  Isomers that have the functional group in a different position of the carbon chain.
• What are functional group isomers?

  Isomers that have a different arrangement of the same molecular formula resulting in different functional groups.
• What are stereoisomers?

  Isomers that have a different spatial arrangement of atoms.
• What is E-Z isomerism?

  A type of stereoisomerism where limited rotation around a double carbon bond leads to functional groups being either together or apart.
• What does the E isomer represent in E-Z isomerism?

  Functional groups on opposite sides of the double bond.
• What does the Z isomer represent in E-Z isomerism?

  Functional groups together on the same side of the double bond.
• What are the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules used for?

  To determine the priority of different groups in molecules that can display E-Z isomerism.

  
• How is priority determined in CIP rules?

  The first atom directly bonded to the carbon with the double bond with the higher atomic number is given higher priority.
• How do you determine if a compound is an E or Z isomer using CIP rules?

  By comparing the priority of the groups attached to the carbon atoms in the double bond.
• In compound A, if the two highest priority groups are on the same side of the C=C bond, what is the isomer type?

  It is the Z isomer.
• What are the different types of formulas used in organic chemistry?

  • Empirical Formula: simplest whole number ratio of atoms.
  • Molecular Formula: true number of atoms of each element.
  • General Formula: formula followed by all members of a homologous series.
  • Structural Formula: arrangement of atoms within a molecule.
  • Displayed Formula: shows every atom and bond.
  • Skeletal Formula: shows bonds and non-carbon atoms, with vertices as carbon.
• What is the significance of homologous series in organic chemistry?

  • Members follow a general formula.
  • React in a similar way.
  • Each consecutive member differs by CH₂.
  • Increase in boiling points with chain length.
• What are the types of isomerism in organic compounds?

  • Structural Isomers: different structural arrangements.
  • Position Isomers: functional group in different positions.
  • Functional Group Isomers: different functional groups.
  • Stereoisomers: different spatial arrangements (E-Z isomerism).
• What are the steps to determine E/Z isomers using CIP rules?

  1. Apply CIP priority rules to the first atoms attached to the C=C bond.
  2. If necessary, apply CIP rules to the second atoms attached.
  3. Deduce E or Z based on the position of the highest priority groups.