Organic analysis

• What reagent is used to identify primary and secondary alcohols?


  Acidified potassium dichromate
• What color change indicates the presence of primary or secondary alcohols when using acidified potassium dichromate?


  It turns from orange to green
• What happens to potassium dichromate when tertiary alcohols are present?


  It remains orange
• How can aldehydes be identified using Tollen's reagent?


  A silver mirror will form if an aldehyde is present
• What is the result of adding Fehling's solution to an aldehyde?

  A brick red precipitate will form
• What color does Fehling's solution remain if no aldehyde is present?

  Blue
• What reagent is used to test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  Bromine water
• What color change occurs when bromine water is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

  It changes from orange-brown to colorless
• How do carboxylic acids react with sodium carbonate?

  They produce CO₂
• What happens to limewater when CO₂ is bubbled through it?

  It turns cloudy
• What is the purpose of mass spectrometry?

  To identify compounds and determine their molecular formula
• What is the advantage of high resolution mass spectrometry?

  It allows the Mr of a substance to be determined to several decimal places
• What does infrared spectroscopy use to determine functional groups?

  Infrared (IR) radiation
• How do different types of bonds respond to infrared radiation in spectroscopy?

  They absorb the radiation in different amounts
• What is produced from the measurements in infrared spectroscopy?

  A spectrum
• What is the characteristic peak range for the -OH alcohol group in IR spectroscopy?

  3230 - 3550 cm^-1
• What is the characteristic peak range for the -OH acid group in IR spectroscopy?

  2500 - 3000 cm^-1
• What is the characteristic peak range for the C=C unsaturated group in IR spectroscopy?

  1620 - 1680 cm^-1
• What is the characteristic peak range for the C=O carbonyl group in IR spectroscopy?

  1680 - 1750 cm^-1
• What is the fingerprint region in an IR spectrum?

  It contains tiny differences that act as a molecule's fingerprint
• How does infrared absorption contribute to global warming?

  It traps heat within the Earth's atmosphere
• What effect do CFCs have on global warming?

  They enhance the heating effect