Acids and bases

• Hydrochloric acid formula = HCL
• Nitric acid formula = HNO₃
• sulfuric acid formula = H₂SO₄
• The higher the hydrogen ion concentration the lower the pH
• Concentrated solution is a solution with a large amount of solute dissolved in a given volume
• Dilute solution is a solution with a small amount of solute dissolved in a given volume
• every step down the pH scale is a ten fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration and vice versa

  pH 3 to 1 = 100 times increase

  pH 4 to 7 = 1000 times decrease
• soluble is when a substance can be dissolved by a liquid
• insoluble is when a substance cannot be dissolved by a liquid
• What are the three classifications of chemicals based on their pH?


  Acidic, neutral, and alkaline
• How can we distinguish between acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions?

  Using indicators that change color based on the solution's pH
• What scale is used to measure acidity and alkalinity?


  The pH scale
• What is formed when an acid is neutralized by an alkali?


  A salt
• What is an indicator in chemistry?


  • A chemical that changes color in acidic, alkaline, and neutral solutions
  • Used to determine the pH of a solution
• Name some common indicators used in chemistry.

  Red litmus paper, blue litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange
• How does red litmus paper react in different solutions?


  • Acidic: Stays red
  • Neutral: Stays red
  • Alkaline: Turns blue
• How does blue litmus paper react in different solutions?


  • Acidic: Turns red
  • Neutral: Stays blue
  • Alkaline: Stays blue
• How does phenolphthalein react in different solutions?


  • Acidic: Colorless
  • Neutral: Colorless
  • Alkaline: Pink
• How does methyl orange react in different solutions?


  • Acidic: Red
  • Neutral: Orange
  • Alkaline: Yellow
• What color change occurs in blue litmus paper when it is placed in an acidic solution?


  It turns red
• What color change occurs in red litmus paper when it is placed in an alkaline solution?


  It turns blue
• What color does phenolphthalein turn in an alkaline solution?


  Pink
• What color does methyl orange turn in an alkaline solution?


  Yellow
• What happens to an acid when it is dissolved in water?


  It forms an acidic solution
• What happens to a base when it is dissolved in water?


  It forms an alkaline solution
• What is the characteristic of a neutral solution?


  It is neither acidic nor alkaline
• What is the color of red litmus paper in a neutral solution?


  Red
• What is the color of blue litmus paper in a neutral solution?


  Blue
• What is the color of phenolphthalein in a neutral solution?


  Colorless
• What is the color of methyl orange in a neutral solution?


  Orange