Biological molecules - carbohydrates

• What are carbohydrates primarily used for in living organisms?


  They are a source of energy.
• What are carbohydrates made from?


  Monosaccharides.
• What is a polymer?


  A large molecule made up of many smaller molecules.
• Name three common monosaccharides.


  Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• How are monosaccharides joined together?


  By glycosidic bonds.
• What occurs during a condensation reaction involving monosaccharides?


  A glycosidic bond forms and a molecule of water is released.
• What happens during hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond?


  A molecule of water reacts with the bond, breaking it apart.
• What is a disaccharide?


  A molecule formed when two monosaccharides are joined together.
• What is a polysaccharide?


  A molecule formed when more than two monosaccharides join together.
• What are the two types of polysaccharides(and their structure) that make up starch?

  • Amylose: long, unbranched chain of α-glucose, coiled structure, 1-4 glycosidic bond
  • Amylopectin: long, branched chain of α-glucose, allows quick glucose release, 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic
• What is the main energy storage material in plants?

  Starch.
• How do plants use starch?


  They store excess glucose as starch and break it down for energy when needed.
• what is a monomer?


  atoms or small molecules that bond together to form larger more complex structures (polymers)
• what are the chemical elements that make up carbohydrates?


  carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• what are the chemical elements that make up proteins?


  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• what are the chemical elements that make up lipids?


  carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• what are the chemical elements that make up nucleic acids?


  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• what is the structure of a-glucose?

  a-glucose:

  A) H

  B) OH

  C) OH

  D) H

  E) O

  F) CH2OH

  G) H

  H) H

  I) H

  J) OH

  K) OH

  
• what is the structure of a b-glucose?

  b-glucose:

  A) OH

  B) OH

  C) O

  D) OH

  E) OH

  F) CH2OH

  
• what is the structure of ribose?

  ribose:

  A) OH

  B) H

  C) OH

  D) OH

  E) H

  F) CH2OH

  G) O

  H) H

  I) H

  
• How are glycosidic bonds broken and made?


  broken - hydrolysis reaction

  made- condensation reaction
• what are the monosaccharides that make up lactose, sucrose, maltose?


  lactose - beta glucose and galactose

  sucrose - alpha glucose and fructose

  maltose - alpha glucose and alpha glucose
• what is the structure and function of glycogen?


  energy storage in animals

  branched 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonding, stored glucose can be released quickly.

  very compact
• what is the structure and function of cellulose?


  provides structural support in plant cell walls.

  long, unbranched, straight chain of beta glucose

  hydrogen bonding to form microfibrils - structural support.