naming and isomerism

• What is a homologous series?


  A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties
• What is a functional group?


  A specific group of atoms that determines the characteristic properties of a compound
• What suffix is used for aldehydes?


  • al
• What prefix is used for aldehydes?


  formyl-
• What suffix is used for ketones?


  • one
• What prefix is used for ketones?


  oxo-
• What suffix is used for carboxylic acids?


  • oic acid
• What suffix is used for nitriles?


  • nitrile
• What prefix is used for nitriles?


  cyano-
• What suffix is used for amines?

  • amine
• What prefix is used for amines?


  amino-
• What is the suffix for esters?


  • yl –oate
• What is the suffix for acyl chlorides?


  • oyl chloride
• What is the suffix for amides?


  • amide
• What is the suffix for acid anhydrides?


  • oic anhydride
• What is the order of precedence for naming functional groups in organic compounds?


  1. Carboxylic acids
  2. Carboxylic acid derivatives
  3. Nitriles
  4. Aldehydes
  5. Ketones
  6. Alcohols
  7. Amines
  8. Alkenes
  9. Halogenoalkanes
• What happens when compounds contain more than one functional group?


  The highest precedence group takes the suffix, while others take the prefix form
• What is the suffix for propanone?


  • one
• Why does an aldehyde not need an extra number for its position on the carbon chain?


  Because the C=O bond is always on the first carbon
• What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?


  • oic acid
• What is the naming convention for a compound with two carboxylic acid groups?


  It is called a -dioic acid
• What is the common name for N-methylpropanamide?


  1. methylpropanamide
• How are secondary and tertiary amides named differently?


  They show the two or three carbon chains with the smaller alkyl group preceded by an N
• What is the suffix for nitriles?


  • nitrile
• What are the types of structural isomerism?


  • Chain isomerism
  • Position isomerism
  • Functional group isomerism
• What is stereoisomerism?


  • Same structural formulae
  • Different spatial arrangement of atoms
  • Types: geometrical (E-Z isomerism) and optical isomerism
• What is the definition of optical isomerism?


  Optical isomerism occurs in compounds with a chiral carbon atom
• What is a chiral carbon atom?


  A carbon atom with four different groups attached
• What is a racemic mixture?


  A 50/50 mixture of two enantiomers
• How do optical isomers affect plane-polarized light?


  They rotate it in different directions
• What is the significance of the R/S system in optical isomers?


  It is a more informative system for naming optical isomers
• What happens during the formation of a racemate?


  A trigonal planar group is approached from both sides by an attacking species
• How can drug action be affected by optical isomers?


  Different optical isomers may have very different effects
• What is the effect of thalidomide's enantiomers?


  One causes birth defects while the other is a sedative
• What is the result of nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones?


  It results in the formation of a racemate
• How does the addition of hydrogen bromide to an unsymmetrical alkene lead to a racemate?


  The bromide can attack the planar carbocation from both sides
• What are the properties of optical isomers?


  • Similar physical and chemical properties
  • Rotate plane-polarized light in different directions
• What is the mechanism for the reaction of HCN with aldehydes and ketones?

  • Nucleophilic addition occurs
  • Trigonal planar carbonyl group is approached from both sides
  • Results in racemate formation
• What is the mechanism for the addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene?


  • Electrophilic addition occurs
  • Bromide attacks planar carbocation from both sides
  • Leads to racemate formation