Ap Euro Unit 3: Age of Absolutism

• James I


  Came to the throne after Elizabeth I as Mary Stuart's son, strong believer of divine right
• Charles I


  (r. 1625-1649) like his father resorted to extra-parliamentary measures (taxes), challenges local political influence of nobles and landowners
• Ship money


  Tax that Charles I tried to levy without Parliament's consent
• Petition of Right


  (1629) Required that henceforth there should be no forced loans or taxation without the consent of Parliament
• Archbishop Laud


  Tried to impose on Scotland the English episcopal system and a prayer book almost identical to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer with Charles I and caused a rebellion
• John Pym


  Leader of English Long Parliament and critic of James I and Charles I
• Oliver Cromwell


  A country squire of iron discipline and strong, independent religious sentiment, very strong army
• Roundheads


  supporters of Parliament
• Cavaliers


  supporter of Charles I and II
• Pride's Purge


  (1648) troops under command of Colonel Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the king
• Rump Parliament


  English Parliament after Colonel Pride's purge
• The Commonwealth


  republic ruling England
• The Restoration


  (1660) the monarchy was restored
• Charles II


  (r. 1660-1685) set a new tone, had secret Catholic sympathies, charismatic king
• Declaration of Indulgence (2)


  1. Charles II- suspended laws against Catholics and Protestants

  2. James II
• Clarendon Codes


  Acts (corporation, uniformity, conventicle, five-mile) excluding nonconformists from holding civil or military office
• Test Act


  series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Catholics and Nonconformists (Charles II)
• James II


  demanded test act be repealed, dissolved Parliament
• Glorious Revolution


  (1688) called by William III or Orange as he invaded England (called by Parliament)
• William and Mary

  William III or Orange and Mary Stuart, recognized a Bill of Rights that limited monarchy
• Bill of Rights


  passed by William and Mary, limiting powers of the monarchy and guaranteeing civil liberties of upper classes
• Toleration Act


  (1689) permitted worship of Protestants only (church of England) and outlawed Catholics
• Importance of Trade


  shipping provided grain, much prosperity, supported a vast shipbuilding and ship supply industry
• Tolerant Religious Policy


  Calvinist reformed church was official church but not established
• Bank of Amsterdam


  continued to finance European trade, stock exchange remained an important financial institution
• States General


  central Netherlands government, dominated by Holland
• Stadholder


  hereditary chief executive
• Navigation Acts


  restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies
• Anglo-Dutch Wars


  English vs. Dutch over control of seas and trade routes
• Wars vs. Louis XIV


  French monarch:

  -early wars: "devolution" of land
• William III of Orange


  married Mary Stuart and ruled England, Protestant, stadholder
• Parlements/Estates General


  regional judicial bodies, Louis clashed with the Parlements of Paris, which had the right to register royal laws
• Cardinal Richelieu


  (1585-1642) one of Louis XIV's powerful chief ministers, Cardinal of the Church, focused on centralizing the government, circumscribed many of the political privileges Henry IV had extended to French Protestants (1598)
• The Fronde


  (1649-1652) a series of widespread rebellions among French nobles and commoners as they resisted the power of Mazarin, unsuccessful, convinced Louis that heavy-handed policies could endanger the throne
• Louis XIV


  (r. 1643-1715), absolute monarch, had many advisers, but after Mazarin's death, assumed personal control of government, many wars
• Versailles


  the largest secular structure in Europe, permanent residence of Louis XIV, nobles could live in it for exchange for loyalty to king, most important to Louis's war, peace, religion, economic activities
• Intendants


  royal civil servants
• Jean Baptiste Colbert


  Louis's finance minister and France benefited from his guidance
• Mercantilism


  economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of highest importance
• Jansenists vs. Jesuits


  a group in opposition to the theology, followers of the teachings of St. Augustine that many protestants adopted, opposed royal authority and the political influence of the Jesuits vs. a group fiercely loyal to the authority of the Pope