Ifugao Heritage

• What is the main focus of Lesson 3 in the study material?

  Education and Social Institutions
• What are the lesson outcomes for Lesson 3?


  1. Describe the indigenous social institutions in Ifugao.
  2. Determine the indigenous educational institutions in Ifugao.
  3. Discuss the relevance of the indigenous social and educational institutions to contemporary practices in the region.
• How were Ifugao societies organized before formal political structures?


  Ifugao societies were largely informal and based on kinship.
• What does the Ifugao kinship system include according to Dulawan (2001)?


  All those related by consanguinity, including dead ancestors up to the fourth generation.
• Why is the kinship system important to the Ifugaos?


  It underlies their social structure, land use, and rice production.
• What are the three classes identified by Dulawan (2001) in Ifugao society?


  1. kadangyan (wealthy), 2) tagu (commoners), 3) nawotwot (the poor).
• How is wealth measured in Ifugao society?


  By the volume and value of material possessions.
• What must a person do to be considered wealthy or kadangyan in Ifugao culture?


  Perform Ifugao customary prestige rites.
• What role do wealthy clans play in Ifugao society?


  They dominate and control the political structure and rice production cycle.
• What is the current structure of Ifugao society similar to?


  It is structured similarly to other parts of the country.
• What is the role of the council of elders in contemporary Ifugao society?


  They are often invited to be part of the local justice system.
• What was the nature of education in Ifugao before formal schools were established?

  • Informal and based on oral tradition.
  • Learning occurred at home and in communal areas.
  • Knowledge and skills were passed through oral modes and observation.
• Who played a crucial role in the education of Ifugao children before formal schools?

  Skilled elders and culture bearers.
• What is the role of a mumbaki in Ifugao education?


  A mumbaki is tasked with training mumbaki aspirants.
• What is the significance of the agamang in Ifugao culture?


  It serves as a community institution for the transmission of oral heritage.
• How has the role of the agamang changed in present times?


  It has lost relevance, with community gatherings now serving as cultural transmission platforms.
• What are the lesson outcomes for Lesson 4?


  1. Describe the indigenous games, oral literature, music, and dances of the Ifugao people.
  2. Discuss the importance of these cultural elements to Ifugao identity.
  3. Demonstrate an Ifugao indigenous game, oral literature, music, and/or dance.
• How were indigenous games of the Ifugaos originally used?


  They were part of cultural practices with relevance and purpose, not just for entertainment.
• What is the purpose of indigenous games in the past?


  To settle disputes and determine favored groups by deities.
• How are indigenous games currently performed?


  During cultural festivals and occasions to honor cultural identity.
• What are some examples of indigenous games mentioned in the study material?

  1. Akkad
  2. Bangngunan
  3. Bultung (Wrestling)
  4. Guyyudan (Tug-of-war)
  5. Hanggul
  6. Uggub
  7. Hinnukting/Hukting-ngan
• How is the game Akkad played?


  Players walk or run using a pair of stilts made of wood.
• What is the objective of the game Bangngunan?


  To swing and raise the opponent from the ground while lying down.
• What strategies can be employed in the Bultung wrestling match?


  Ballabag, pakkid, hidil, tagge, guyud, tulud.
• What is the significance of the 'Hidit' rite in Bultung matches?


  It signifies negotiations and settlements to ensure no ill feelings.
• How has the game Guyyudan evolved over time?


  It has transitioned from using wood to using a rope for tug-of-war.
• What is the objective of the game Hanggul?


  To press the opponent's hand flat on a surface.
• What does the Uggub game determine in cases of theft?


  If the accuser's throw hits the accused, it proves the accusation.
• How is the Hukting-ngan game played?


  Players hold one leg and bump into each other to win.
• What are the four types of Ifugao oral literature?


  1. Narratives (folktales, legends, myths)
  2. Chant (Ritual and Non-ritual)
  3. Song (folk songs, ballads)
  4. Rhyme (with structural differences from Western literature)
• What is the significance of the Hudhud in Ifugao oral literature?


  It depicts the lives and conquests of local heroes and is inscribed by UNESCO as a cultural heritage.
• What is the Alim in Ifugao oral literature?


  A ritual ballad highlighting the achievements of a hero, performed during prestige rituals.
• What is the Liwliwa in Ifugao oral literature?


  A jovial parody containing mutual criticism, performed during prestige feasts.
• What are A-apo stories used for in Ifugao culture?


  They are short stories that entertain and teach cultural values to children.
• What role does music play in Ifugao culture?


  • Integral part of festivities, ceremonies, and social gatherings.
  • Songs are often chant-like storytelling performed in groups.
  • Instruments include gongs, wooden bars, bamboo, nose flutes, and leather drums.
• What are the characteristics of Ifugao dances?


  • Distinctive indigenous dance with eagle-like hand movements.
  • Accompanied by gongs.
  • Variations exist among the three ethnolinguistic groups.
• What is the Dinnuy-a dance performed for?


  Weddings, thanksgiving parties, and social gatherings.
• How does the Ifugao culture view their indigenous games today?


  As a way to pay homage to cultural identity and educate the younger generation.
• What instruments are commonly used in Ifugao community singing?

  Gongs, wooden bars, palipal, Ingngiing, and dipdipu
• What is a distinctive feature of the Ifugao indigenous dance?


  The eagle-like opening of hands