AP world - unit 3 review

• What time period does Unit 3 of AP World History cover?


  1450 to 1750
• What is a land-based Empire?


  An Empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings
• What is the big idea regarding land-based Empires from 1450 to 1750?


  They were expanding significantly during this period
• What are the four land-based Empires you need to know for this unit?

  • Ottoman Empire
  • Safavid Empire
  • Mughal Empire
  • Qing Dynasty (Manchu Empire)
• Why is the Ottoman Empire considered massively important in this unit?


  It frequently appears throughout the course and is central to many topics
• When was the Ottoman Empire founded?


  In the 14th century
• What was a key factor in the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire?


  The adoption of gunpowder weapons
• What significant event occurred in 1453 regarding the Ottoman Empire?


  They conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul
• Why was the conquest of Constantinople significant for the Ottomans?


  It allowed them to continue their expansion into Eastern Europe
• What was the policy of the Ottomans regarding Christians in the Balkans?


  They enslaved many Christians and converted them to Islam
• What elite fighting force did the Ottomans create from enslaved Christians?

  The Janissaries
• When was the Safavid Empire founded?


  At the beginning of the 16th century
• Who was the leader that helped the Safavid Empire expand rapidly?

  Shah Ismail
• What military strategy did Shah Abbas adopt for the Safavid Empire?


  He built up the military with gunpowder weapons
• What was a significant difference between the Ottomans and the Safavids?


  The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while the Safavids were Shia Muslims
• What did Sunni Muslims believe regarding the rightful successor of Muhammad?


  Anyone spiritually fit for the office could be a successor
• What did Shia Muslims believe regarding the rightful successor of Muhammad?


  Only blood relatives of Muhammad were legitimate successors
• When was the Mughal Empire established?


  In the first half of the 16th century
• Who led the Mughal Empire to power by defeating the Delhi Sultanate?

  Babur
• What was a key factor in the Mughal Empire's expansion?


  The use of gunpowder weapons
• How did Akbar's rule differ from previous rulers of the Delhi Sultanate?


  He was tolerant of all kinds of belief systems
• What was the Qing Dynasty also known as?

  The Manchu Empire
• What was the significance of the Ming Dynasty before the rise of the Qing Dynasty?


  It was ethnically Han and expelled the Mongols
• What did the Qing Dynasty do to expand its territory?


  They beefed up their military and used gunpowder weapons
• What are the similarities and differences between the four land-based Empires discussed?


  Similarities:

  • All were land-based
  • All expanded rapidly
  • All used gunpowder for expansion

  
  

  Differences:

  • Ethnic backgrounds varied (Qing and Mughal were different from their subjects)
  • Religious differences (Ottomans were Sunni, Safavids were Shia)
• What was a significant conflict between the Safavid and Mughal Empires?


  The Safavid-Mughal conflict over territory in Afghanistan
• What was a key factor that made the Safavid-Mughal conflict more bitter?


  The religious differences between Shia and Sunni Muslims
• How did rulers of land-based Empires legitimize and consolidate their power?


  • Formation of large bureaucracies
  • Use of military force
  • Establishment of religious legitimacy
  • Patronage of the arts and culture
• What is a bureaucracy?


  A system of government officials that ensure laws are kept throughout the Empire
• How did the Ottomans staff their bureaucracy?

  Through the devshirme system
• What was the purpose of the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?


  To staff the bureaucracy with highly trained individuals
• What happened to Christians who were enslaved by the Ottomans?


  Many converted to Islam and were educated for service
• What was the outcome of the Ottomans' expansion by 1750?


  The Empire had significantly increased in size
• What is the role of officials in an empire according to the study material?


  They ensure laws are kept throughout the Empire.
• How does bureaucracy help an emperor maintain control over a large empire?


  Bureaucracy allows officials to monitor and enforce laws without the emperor needing to check every individual.
• What system did the Ottomans use to staff their bureaucracy?

  The devshirme system.
• What was the purpose of the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?


  It trained converted Christians for elite positions in the bureaucracy.
• What were the three ways rulers administered their empires mentioned in the study material?

  Bureaucracy, military professionals, and religious ideas/art/architecture.
• How did European monarchs legitimize their power during this period?


  • Through the divine right of kings
  • They claimed to be God's representatives on earth
  • This belief helped to legitimize their authority
• Who was Emperor Kangxi and what was his strategy for legitimizing his rule?


  He was a Qing emperor who hung portraits of himself to portray legitimacy.