Proteins & Nucleic Acid

• What are the examples of proteins mentioned in the video?

  • Hemoglobin
  • Collagen
  • Myoglobin
  • Antibodies
  • Keratin
  • Actin
  • Myosin
• Why are proteins considered important in nutrition?

  Proteins are macromolecules essential for various bodily functions.
• What role do enzymes play in the body?


  Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions.
• What is the function of insulin and glucagon?


  They control blood glucose concentration.
• What is hemoglobin's role in the body?


  Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood.
• What is the function of antibodies?


  Antibodies are proteins that help fight infections.
• What is collagen known for?


  Collagen strengthens tissues.
• What is keratin and where is it found?

  Keratin is a protein found in hair, nails, and skin.
• What are actin and myosin associated with?


  Actin and myosin are proteins involved in muscle contractions.
• What does the acronym FORM stand for in relation to biological molecules?


  • Fatty acids
  • Organic bases
  • Amino acids
  • Monosaccharides
• What are the monomers that make up proteins?


  Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.
• What is the structure of an amino acid?


  An amino acid has an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, a central carbon, a hydrogen, and a side chain.
• How is a peptide bond formed between two amino acids?


  A peptide bond is formed when the OH group from one amino acid reacts with the H from another, releasing water.
• What is a dipeptide?


  A dipeptide consists of two amino acids joined together.
• What type of reaction occurs when forming a dipeptide?


  A condensation reaction occurs when forming a dipeptide.
• What is the term for a chain of many amino acids?


  A chain of many amino acids is called a polypeptide.
• What are the four levels of protein structure?

  1. Primary structure: Sequence of amino acids
  2. Secondary structure: Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
  3. Tertiary structure: Folding into a 3D shape
  4. Quaternary structure: Multiple polypeptide chains
• What is the primary structure of a protein?


  The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
• What forms the secondary structure of proteins?

  The secondary structure is formed by hydrogen bonds between amino acids.
• What are the two types of secondary structures?


  The two types of secondary structures are alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.
• What is the tertiary structure of a protein?


  The tertiary structure is the folding of the protein into a precise 3D shape.
• What bonds are responsible for the tertiary structure of proteins?


  Bonds between the side chains of amino acids are responsible for the tertiary structure.
• How do changes in temperature and pH affect protein structures?


  High temperature and changes in pH can break hydrogen bonds in protein structures.
• What is the quaternary structure of a protein?


  The quaternary structure involves multiple polypeptide chains interacting together.
• What is the simplest amino acid?


  The simplest amino acid is glycine.
• How is glycine structured?

  Glycine has an amine group, a carboxylic group, a central carbon, a hydrogen, and a side chain that is also hydrogen.
• Why is it important to learn how to draw the amino acid structure?


  It is important because it is often asked in exam questions.
• What is the significance of peptide bonds in protein formation?


  Peptide bonds link amino acids together to form proteins.
• What is a condensation reaction in the context of protein formation?


  A condensation reaction is when two amino acids join and release water.
• What is the bond formed between amino acids called?


  The bond formed between amino acids is called a peptide bond.
• What happens when many amino acids are joined together?


  Many amino acids joined together form a polypeptide.
• How do primary and secondary structures differ?

  The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids, while the secondary structure involves shapes like alpha helix and beta sheets.
• Why is it important to understand the different structures of proteins?


  Understanding protein structures is crucial for grasping their functions and roles in biological processes.
• What is the role of hydrogen bonds in secondary protein structures?


  Hydrogen bonds stabilize the shapes of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.
• What is the relationship between amino acids and proteins?


  Amino acids are the building blocks that make up proteins.
• How does the tertiary structure affect enzyme function?


  The tertiary structure determines the shape of the active site, which is crucial for enzyme function.
• What can cause denaturation of proteins?


  High temperature and extreme pH changes can cause denaturation of proteins.
• What is the significance of the quaternary structure in proteins?


  The quaternary structure allows multiple polypeptide chains to work together for a specific function.
• What is the role of the side chain in an amino acid?


  The side chain determines the specific properties of each amino acid.
• How does the structure of glycine differ from other amino acids?


  Glycine has a side chain that is simply hydrogen, making it the simplest amino acid.